• Indicating addition

furthermore in addition besides moreover and

Magnetic tape is cheap. However, it is slow to use.

Magnetic tape is cheap, but it is very slow.

Magnetic tape is slow, for this reason we use it only for backups.

Magnetic tape is slow, because tape drives are slow, so we use it only for backups.

Magnetic tape is slow. Therefore, we use it only for backups.

Voice-recognition systems are becoming more sophisticated. Thus, keyboards may be unnecessary in the future.

Practice.

Task 1. Choose the correct word in brackets to complete these sentences.

1. (Although / Consequently) CDs and DVDs are similar in size and shape, their data structure is very different.

2. DVDs hold more data than CDs. The pits burnt into the disc are smaller than on a CD, and the tracks are closer together. (On the other hand / As a result), DVDs can have up to four recording layers.

3. A Blu-ray disc drive costs a lot of money (but /so) you should use it carefully.

4. Blu-ray is expected to replace DVD over the coming years (because / besides) it offers much greater storage capacity.

5. Both Blu-ray (and / in addition) HD-DVD devices are backward-compatible with current CDs and DVDs, meaning you can play your old discs on the new players.

6. Sony has invested millions of dollars in the development of Blu-ray technology. The success of Blu-ray is (whereas / therefore) vital for the company's future.

Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the text using the suitable linking words:

Floppies are very cheap, 1____________ they are slow and have a limited capacity.

Hard disks are fast and can store large amounts of data 2____________ they are fixed inside the computer, 3____________ you cannot use them to transfer data. You can transfer data with removable hard disks, 4____________ they are expensive.

CD-ROM disks can hold quite large amounts of data. 5____________ , they are usually read-only 6____________ you cannot change the information on them.

Magneto-optical disks are like CD-ROMs 7____________ you can write data on to them. They are removable and have large capacities, 8____________ they are expensive and do not conform to a standard. 9____________ they are not very common.

Magnetic tape is cheap and has a large capacity, 10____________ it does not allow random access and drives are slow. 11____________ it is only suitable for backups.

Flash memory is a very popular medium 12____________ it is enormously durable and can store large amounts of data.

Vocabulary: Storage devices

n. storage medium ( media-pl.): floppy disk hard disk magnetic tape magnetic field CD (compact disc) DVD (digital video/versatile disc) CD/DVD - ROM (read-only memory) CD/DVD – R (recordable) CD/DVD – RW (rewritable) layer flash memory flash memory card USB flash drive solid state memory capacity( high/low/large/small) random access advantage/ disadvantage resistance pressure immersion

v. spin conform to (a standard) carry transfer hold last do backups withstand adj. rare internal backward-compatible fixed removable durable conj. as well as prep. unlike

Unit 6 Computing Languages

Study these sample sections of programs. Rank them from 1 (easiest to understand) to 5 (most difficult to understand):

	TABLE FILE SALES SUM UNITS BY MONTH BY CUSTOMER ON CUSTOMER SUBTOTAL PAGE BREAK END

A=0 X=1 INPUT Y FORX=1T0 3 A=Y**X PRINTA NEXTX END

REPORT THE BASE SALARIES BROKEN DOWN BY REGION FOR MANAGERS IN ENGLAND

	mov ah, 3Dh mov al, 0 push cs pop ds

10101001 01000010 00010100 11101110 11111111

Here is a list of language types used by programmers ranked from natural human language at the top to machine code at the bottom. Can you match any of the samples in to this list?

1. Natural language

2. Very high-level language

3. High-level language

4. Assembly language

5. Machine code

Reading

Task 1. Read the texts about computing languages and make notes in the table.

Language	Type of language	Associated language	Use
PASCAL
BASIC
Visual BASIC
Delphi
Java
JavaScript
C++
HTML
XML
VoiceXML