1.2.1. Terms of complete translation

Working on a full translation consists of a sequence of stages:

I - reception (reading and listening) in one language;

II - understanding;

III – conveying in the native language.

Terms of complete translation.

• Reading text, familiarization with common sense, not details. During the initial familiarization with the content of the text some analytical work is not excluded.

• The next step is the Word analytical understanding: understanding of individual words, identification of grammatical forms, complex structures, lexical phrases, slang terms.

Before translating a text into native language, be aware of the typical errors, such as:

a) attempt to shift all elements of a sentence in the order in which they are presented in the text in a foreign language;

b) ignoring the context, as a means of establishing the value of a word in the dictionary; searching for the meaning of each word separately;

c) the wrong choice of the word meaning in the dictionary, seeking words in the dictionary before you read all of the text;

d) attempts to translate the sentence before understanding the general meaning of the text.

Particular attention should be paid to the ability to find the correct meaning of words by context and external features, work with the dictionary, carry out morphological and syntactic analysis. It is advisable to:

a) identify subject and predicate in a sentence; b) determine the place of definitions; c) begin the analysis of the predicate of the sentence (in its subsidiary or modal verbs, grammatical endings etc.); d) identify difficulties in lexical order.

The sequence of action:

• Reading the original.

• Layout of the text:

a) identify complex terms;

b) identify grammatical structures;

c) detecting the complex lexical phrases;

d) identification of slang terms.

• Use the dictionary: finding unknown or misunderstood terms in the general, technical, specialized dictionaries.

• Use reference books and specialized literature.

The translation should consist of the following parts:

a) a cover letter;

b) the content of the text;

c) The illustrations, charts, tables and more.

1.2.2. Title and its translation

Titles can consist of general heading and one or more sub-headings. If the overall title is not sufficiently disclose the contents of the text it is necessary to refer to the subheadings or read the entire text, and then return to the translation of the title.

One characteristic of the titles is a variety of abbreviations that can be defined in the context or in a dictionary. A list of the most common abbreviations can be found in almost every dictionary.

Difficulties in translation may occur if the title has omission of the adverb - predicate, auxiliary verbs and article; no subject and predicate verb is in the personal form.

For example, "From Confidence To Pressure", to make a literal translation of the title is impossible. Often these titles have subtitles Debts as a component of Ukrainian-Russian relationship still to be settled.

The subtitle (and sometimes the entire text) should be carefully read to have a proper translation.

In modern English and mainly American technical literature there are some types of heading:

• Question Headings:

WHAT'S COMING FOR LIGHT WEIGHT CLAY BLOCKS?

Які перспективи розвитку легких керамічних блоків

WHY WASH AGGREGATES?

Питання промивки агрегатів

MODERNIZE?

Чи варто проводити реконструкцію (будівлі)?

• Statement

EXHIBITION HALLS GO UNDERGROUND

Спорудження підземних залів для виставки

WE GIVE OLD SWIMMING POOL NEW IDEALS

Реконструкція старого плавального басейну

• Exclamation

HERE'S A SIMPLE WAY TO INTERPRET DATA!

Знайдено простий спосіб розшифровки даних!

RAIN OFF THE ROOF!

Відведення дощової води з даху!