I had to wear a suit.

Мне нужно было надеть костюм.

5. The negative and interrogative forms of have to are built up by means of the auxiliary do.

How often do you have to buy petrol for the car?

Does he have to take so long to get ready?

6. In colloquial English have got to is often used in the same meaning as have to. This modal expression is used in the Present Indefinite tense only.

She’s got to see the doctor.

The negative and interrogative forms are built up without any auxiliary.

Have you got to go so soon?

7. If we are using another modal verb, or if we want to use an - ing form, past participle or to-infinitive, only have to is used.

They may have to be paid by cheque.

She grumbled a lot about having to stay abroad.

He doesn’t like to have to do the same job every day.

8. We can use be to for an order from a person in authority.

The members of the jury are to report to the judge’s chambers.

9. Be to is also used to express an action happening in accordance with an arrangement, agreement and part of a plan.

We were to meet at the entrance to the theatre at a quarter to eight.

Be to + Perfect Infinitive means that the action according to the plan was not carried out.

‘Have you seen him?’ – Martini asked.

‘No, he was to have met me here the next morning’

She was to have been another of the maniac’s victims.

10. Be to is used to express something thought of as unavoidable.

I went about brooding over my lot, wondering almost hourly what was to become of me.

Я все время размышлял о своей судьбе, беспрестанно задавая себе вопрос, что со мной станет.

NOTE 1. Sometimes after if be to means to want:

If we are to remain friends you must tell me the truth.

Если мы хотим остаться друзьями, ты должен говорить мне правду.

NOTE 2. The following Russian sentences «как мне быть» и «что мне делать» are translated into the English language as ‘what am I to do?’

NOTE 3. Sometimes be to is used to express possibility. In this meaning the passive form of the Infinitive is used unless it’s a question beginning with the interrogative adverb how. Here its meaning comes very close to that of the verb can.

How are they to know that you are well connected if you do not show it by you costume?

For a long time neither was to be seen about their old haunts.

11. To express order, threat, warning or promise, shall is used. Shall in this meaning is always used with the second and third persons.

1. order:

By God, you shall do nothing of the sort.

2. threat or warning:

‘That’s the last time’ – she cried. – ‘you shall never see me again’

3. promise

You shall not be punished.

OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY – NEED TO, NEEDN’T, NOT HAVE TO

1. We can use need to to talk about the necessity of doing something.

You might need to see a doctor.

A number of questions need to be asked.

2. We use don’t have to, don’t need to, haven’t got to, needn’t when there is no obligation or necessity to do something.

Many women don’t have to work.

You don’t need to buy anything.

I can pick John up. You needn’t bother.

I haven’t got to go to work today.

3. We also use needn’t when we are giving someone permission not to do something.

You needn’t say anything if you don’t want to.

You needn’t stay any longer tonight.

4. We use need not + Perfect Infinitive to say that someone did something which was not necessary. We are often implying that the person didn’t know at that time his action was not necessary.

I needn’t have waited until the game began.

They needn’t have worried about Reagan.

5. We use didn’t need to and didn’t have to to say that something was not necessary, and that it was known at the time that the action was not necessary. We don’t know if the action was done, unless we are given more information.

They didn’t need to talk about it.

I didn’t need to worry.

6. We cannot use must to refer to the past, so when we want to say that it was important that something didn’t happen or was not done, we use other expressions.

We can say it was important not to, or use phrases like had to make sure or had to make certain in as negative sentence.

It was necessary that no one was aware of being watched.

You had to make sure that you didn’t spend too much.

MILD OBLIGATION AND ADVICE – SHOULD, OUGHT, SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE, HAD BETTER

1. We can use should and ought to talk about a mild obligation to do something. When we use should and ought, we are saying that the feeling of obligation is not as strong as when we use must.

Should and ought are very common in spoken English.

Should is followed by the base form of the verb but ought is followed by to- infinitive.

When we want to say that there is a mild obligation not to do something, we use should not, ought not to.

2. we use should and ought to in three main ways:

   • When we are talking about what is a good thing to do or the right thing to do.

We should send her a postcard.

We shouldn’t spend all the money.

He ought to come more often.

You ought not to see him again.

• When we are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do.

You ought to get a new TV.

You shouldn’t marry him.

• When we are giving or asking for an opinion about a situation. We often use I think or I don’t think or Do you think to start the sentence.

I think that we should be paid more.

I don’t think we ought to grumble.

What do you think we should do?

Do you think he ought not to go?

3. We use should or ought to + Perfect Infinitive to say that there was mild obligation to do something in the past, but that it was not done. For example, ‘I should have given him some money yesterday’, you mean that you had a mild obligation to give him the money but you didn’t give it to him.

I should have finished my drink and gone home.

Мне следовало допить и уйти.

We ought to have taken a taxi.

Нужно было им взять такси.

We use shouldn’t or ought not to + Perfect Infinitive to say that it was important not to do something in the Past, but it was done.

I shouldn’t have said that.

Мне не следовало этого говорить.

They ought not to have told him.

Не следовало им говорить ему об этом.

4. We use ‘had better’, followed by the bare infinitive to indicate mild obligation to do something in a particular situation. We also use ‘had better’ when giving advice or when giving your opinion about something. The negative is ‘had better not’.

I think I had better show this to you.

You’d better go tomorrow.

NOTE: the correct form is always ‘had better’. We do not use had better when talking about mild obligation in the past, even though it looks like a past form.

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