2. Перекладіть текст українською «How to Maintain a Tractor».

Correctly maintaining a tractor will add years to its useful life. However, there are some basic differences in maintaining a tractor from other vehicles. Also, since there are many different typ-

es and brands of tractors, there is no comprehensive maintenance guide that's universally appli-

cable to all types of tractors, but following these steps should help.

Steps

1. The Owner's Manual should be your first source of information. Study your owner's manual. The manufacturer has specific instructions for basic care of your equipment, and they have the expertise to give you the best advice on how to do it. If you don't have a manual, get one. Here are some items you should find in the Owner's Manual:

Maintenance Schedule. This will tell you the intervals for routine maintenance, including chas-

sis lubrication, engine, transmission, and hydraulic oil change, filter changes, and other mainte-

nance items.

Tractor hydraulic oil has different viscosities and additives, so check the label before you buy.

Specifications. This should be a table telling you the type of fluid for the transmission, hydraulic system, brakes, and engine coolant, as well as their capacities. Tyre inflation, bolt torques, and other information may be found under specifications or other sections of the manual. Location of lubricant points (grease fittings), fluid check dipsticks or sight glasses, and instructions on clean-

ing air and fuel filters.

Basic operating instructions and other information specific to your tractor.

2. Some tools required for normal tractor maintenance obtain tools. Tractor maintenance requires numerous wrenches and other tools in larger sizes than for automobile maintenance, so plan to buy or borrow the tools you need.

3. Protect the tractor from the elements. Protect the tractor from the elements. Because most smaller farm (or garden) tractors do not have a cabin to protect the seat, instrument panel, and metal components, it is a good idea to store it in a shed or garage. If you can't do this, keep rain out of the exhaust system, and cover the seat and instruments.

4. Check fluids regularly. Tractor usage is measured in hours, not miles, so the amount of use may be deceptive, and leaking components may cause failure of expensive parts. Refer to the owner's manual to determine how each fluid is checked.

- Check the engine oil. - Check the coolant in the radiator. - Check the battery electrolyte. - Check the transmission fluid. - Check the hydraulic oil. 5. Check tyre inflation. Because of the shape, low inflation is not always obvious. Rear tyres nor-

mally have between 12 and 20 PSI inflation pressure, the front tyres may have up to 32 PSI. The back tyres on farm tractors should be filled with ballast, especially if you are pulling an imple-

ment where maximum traction is required.

6. View of the fan belt and upper radiator hose with the tractor hood up. Keep an eye on belts and hoses. If your tractor is equipped with a hydraulic system, it has high pressure hoses and/or tubing, and failure of this fluid conduit can cause component (hydraulic pump) failure, loss of steering, or other problems. If a hose (or belt) appears damaged, worn, or cracked, replace it. If fittings or connections are leaking, tighten them or replace the seals.

7. Tractors have independent rear wheel brakes to assist in turning. Note two pedals. Keep the brke linkages lubricated, and make sure the brakes are adjusted equally. Many tractors have me-

chanical brakes, operated by a linkage and cam system instead of a master/slave fluid system. These brakes are located on the rear axles, and work independently, so that they may be used to steer the tractor in tight corners or to reverse the direction of travel. The brake pedals will inter-

lock for road travel, so that one pedal is not accidentally engaged by itself, causing the tractor to spin while traveling at a high speed.

8. Watch the gauges. Keep an eye on the temperature, oil pressure, and tachometer. The tempera-

ture gauge should be marked with a normal operating range, but any time the indicator says the temperature is over 220 degrees F, the engine is running hot. If equipped with a diesel engine, the oil pressure should be between 40 and 60 PSI. The tachometer tells how many revolutions per minute the crankshaft is turning. Diesel engines are designed to operate at lower RPM and higher torque than gasoline engines, and "over revving," your engine or operating it at maximum RPMs is not recommended.

9. Check the filters regularly. Most systems on tractors are equipped with filters to protect aga-

inst dirt, water, or other contaminants that could cause failure of the components. See-through еngine fuel filter to allow you to see water in the fuel filter bowl. Check the fuel filter for accu-

mulated water. Most diesel engines have a water separating filter, since diesel fuel attracts mois-

ture. Turbocharged diesels use tremendous amounts of air, which can cause filters to clog quick-

ly in dusty conditions.

Check the air filter often. Tractors are often operated in very dusty conditions, and in some cases, the filters must be cleaned daily or weekly. Clean the air filter with a shop vacuum or with compressed air, never by washing it. Replace the air filter when it cannot be cleaned satisfactori-

ly, or if the filter is damaged.

10. Raise the hood to check the radiator for accumulated debris. Check the radiator screen. Trac-

tors are often operated in conditions where debris may accumulate on the radiator, so they usual-

ly have a front screen or grill to prevent plant matter, insects. 11. Not all of your tractor's grease fittings are this easy to locate. Lubricate your tractor. Tractors have many more moving parts that require greasing than do automobiles. If you see a part that moves, look for a grease fitting, and grease it. Use a grease cartridge pressure gun, clean the fit-

ting, attach the hose, and pump grease until the associated seal begins to expand, or grease is se-

en oozing out of the attachment you are lubricating. Look for grease fittings on steering compo-

nents, brake and clutch linkages, and three-point hitch pivot points. Older tractors require speci-

fic lubricants in the gear boxes. Often, the hydraulic system and the transaxle share fluid, and using the wrong fluid can cause serious damage.

12. Do not overload your tractor. If you are using your tractor for cultivation or mowing, it sho-

uld have a recommended size attachment for the job you are doing. As an example, do not pull an eight foot mower with a 35 horsepower tractor.

13. Keep your tractor clean.

Tips

When lubricating grease fittings, it is best practice to lubricate in both the loaded and unloaded

positions, as the grease will only press into the unloaded space in either position. Greasing in both positions will better provide a complete lubrication.

Always allow tractors, especially diesel engine tractors, to warm up when cranked after a long period of non-use. Never over rev the engine when it is first started. Hydraulic lifters, hydraulic pumps, and oil pumps may drain down while the tractor is not in use, and damage can occur to these components.

Keep a detailed service record. Scheduled service intervals are usually found in the owner's manual, but many tractors do not get enough use to reach the hour requirements for oil changes, etc., so these services may be done on an annual basis instead.

The battery in this tractor has little protection so it should be checked often. It pays to keep an eye on your battery. Some tractors are not cranked and used very often, and the battery can lose its charge while the machine is not used. Check the electrolyte and charge the battery every month or so if the tractor has not been used. If you do expect to let the tractor sit idle for a long period, plan on starting the engine and letting it run long enough to completely warm up every month or so.

Engine oil drain plug is located underneath the crankcase. Learn the location of filler plugs, in-

ternal filters, and drain plugs on your machine. Older tractors did not always come equipped with convenient dipsticks for checking transaxle or hydraulic fluids. Often they will have a filler plug located on the side of a housing indicating that the oil should be filled up to that level.

Warnings

Read and understand the instruction manuals with all attachments you purchase for your tractor.

-Do not remove guards, covers, or other safety devices. - Never attach a tow strap or chain to the axle or draw bar to pull up stumps or very heavy loads. If the tractor ceases forward motion while pulling, the wheels can continue turning, rolling the tractor over backward on the operator.

- Never let riders sit on the tractor while it is moving. Tractors are single passenger machines, and often pull dangerous implements, and there simply is no safe place for passengers to sit.

Many tractor brake linings contain asbestos, which causes Mesothelioma cancer, lung cancer, asbestosis and many other illnesses. Exposure to brake dust means exposure to asbestos. - Exhaust system parts operate at high temperatures. Never touch them until they cool. Shut the engine off and allow it to cool before working on it. The engine in a tractor is more exposed than an automobile engine, and pulleys, fans, and belts can be very dangerous. The exhaust manifold, including the muffler which often sticks out of the hood at the top of the tractor, becomes very hot while operating.