2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст “ Alcohol ”.

Most of the time when people talk about drugs, they think of illegal ones like cannabis and ecstasy. But the most used and abused drug is one that is legal for people over 18 - alcohol.

Alcohol is legal to buy in South Australia if you are over 18. Our society gives the message that alcohol is acceptable. In fact, young people are subjected to hundreds of ads promoting alcohol every year. There is even evidence to say that a small amount of alcohol every day can be good for an adult.

Despite this, alcohol abuse is a major problem in Australia.

Warning!

It is best not to drink if you are: * under 15 years of age *pregnant  *taking other drugs or medicine (unless the doctor says it's OK) * have conditions like liver disease, e.g. hepatitis B or C *intend to drive or use machinery *feeling depressed *doing something risky (say rock climbing or swimming ).

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) released guidelines about drinking alcohol when under 18 years in 2009:

'...children under 15 years of age are at the greatest risk of harm from drinking and that for this group, not drinking alcohol is especially important.'

'For young people aged 15-17 years, the safest option is to delay the initiation of drinking for as long as possible.'

What is alcohol?

There are different kinds of alcohol. The one people drink is called ethyl alcohol or ethanol. It is made by fermenting different ingredients. Fermenting is when yeast and water act on the sugar in certain ingredients, turning it into alcohol. 

• Grain makes whisky and beer

• Potatoes make vodka

• Grapes make wine and brandy

• Apples make cider

• Honey makes mead

• Sugar makes rum.

Why do people drink alcohol?

Experimental

They might be curious, want to be one of the group, or maybe get pressured into doing it. Some young people have told us that they drink because "it makes me feel older" and "it gives me an image among peers" (рівня) and simply "to try it out".

Social

Some people drink when they go to parties and nightclubs, as part of socializing and relaxing with friends.

Situational use

The young person might want to get something out of drinking, like being able to sleep or to forget things.

Dependent

Some people need to drink every day just to get through the day, because they are addicted (віддаватися) to alcohol.

What happens to alcohol in the body?

When a person drinks alcohol, it goes into the stomach and small intestine.( тонка кишка) *From there it passes through the stomach and small intestine walls into the bloodstream. *The blood passes through the liver, which slowly removes the alcohol from the blood. *The blood takes the alcohol to the brain. Messages from the brain then become foggy and the body slows down and becomes uncoordinated.

How much is enough? Standard drinks The lifetime (тривалість життя) risk of harm from drinking alcohol increases with the amount consumed. For healthy men and women, drinking no more than 2 standard drinks on any day reduces the lifetime risk of harm from alcohol-related disease or injury.

Standard drinks

A standard drink has about 10 grams of pure alcohol in it. Some examples of a standard drink are: *a nip of spirits (30 mls)  *100 ml or a small glass of wine (some larger wine glasses can hold up to 200 mls which is 2 standard drinks!) *285 ml of beer (so a regular stubby or can (375 ml) has about 1.5 standard drinks in it; a larger bottle (750 ml) can have nearly 3 standard drinks in it!)  *425 ml of light beer *60 ml of fortified wine (кріплене вино) (drinks such as port) *a 750 ml bottle of wine at 12% alcohol is about 7 standard drinks (this depends on how strong the wine is or the percentage of alcohol - see the label). *a 750 ml bottle of spirits is equal to about 24 standard drinks *a bottle of alcoholic soft drink is about 1.6 standard drinks *a can of mixed drink (alcohol and soft drink) is about 1.8 standard drink.

What is an alcohol problem?

It is hard to say exactly what ‘alcohol problem' is. However, most people say it's when drinking

alcohol causes problems in that person's life and the lives of their family and friends.

Some of the problems could be things like: *drinking leading to arguments and fights *being drunk or hung over (стан алкогольного сп'яніння або похмілля) *problems at work like being late, not turning up for work, and causing accidents at work because of being drunk or hung-over *being in road accidents because of being drunk or hung-over *money worries because of the amount spent on alcohol *being arrested for drunk-driving, having drink-driving fines (штрафи) to pay, loss of driver's license, and going to jail (посадять у в'язницю) *health problems (liver damage, stomach ulcers, heart damage, high blood pressure……) *becoming dependent on alcohol (sometimes called alcoholism) *drinking more and more alcohol to feel the effects.

3. Дайте відповіді на питання. 1. Do you know that drinking when pregnant can cause miscarriage, and increase the risk of brain damage and slow growth for the unborn baby? 2. Do you like to drink beer with your friends? 3. Do you like to communicate with drunk people?