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1. Вивчіть нову лексику. sophisticated culture [səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtɪd ˈkʌltʃə] - складнa культура Trypillian tribes - трипільської племена low-lying riverbank areas - низинні райони geographic spread of the culture [ˌdʒiːəˈgræfɪk ˈspred əv ðə ˈkʌltʃə] - географічне поширення культури incursions by other cultures [ɪnˈkə:ʒənz ˈbaɪ ˈʌðər ˈkʌltʃəz] - вторгнення інших культур traits diversity of cultures [ˈtreɪts dəˈvə:sətiː əf ˈkʌltʃərz] - особливість різноманітних культур flint - кремінь fishhook [ˈfɪʃˌhuk]- рибальський гачок Trypillian excavations - трипільськi розкопки ceramic pottery - керамічний посуд colander [ˈkɔləndə] - друшляк Iron Age tumuli - кургани Залізного віку
2. Прочитайте та перекладіть тексти з історії України.
The Trypilian Culture and the Neolithic Period and Copper Age in Ukraine
Perhaps the most sophisticated culture of the early Neolithic Period in Europe, the Tripillian culture existed on Ukrainian territories for over three millennia. During the sixth millennium BC, Trypillian tribes began settling in low-lying riverbank areas and on plateaus in the Dnieper River and Bug River basins. They were, most probably, primitive agricultural and cattle-raising tribes that migrated to Ukraine from the Near East and from the Balkans and Danubian regions. Scholars have identified three periods in the development of this culture-early (5400-3500 BC), middle (3500-2750 BC), and late (2750-2250 BC). The differentiation of periods is characterized by an increase in population and the geographic spread of the culture as well as by changes in settlement patterns, the economy, and the spiritual life of the people. As a result of incursions by other cultures (particularly the Pit-Grave culture) into Ukrainian territory during the Copper Age in the mid-3rd to early 2nd millennium BC, many characteristic Trypillian traits changed, were absorbed by other tribes, or disappeared.
Neolithic Period
The
closing phase of the Stone Age, lasting in Ukraine is from 5000 to
2500 BC. The Neolithic Period was characterized by the development
of agriculture and pottery manufacturing, the establishment of
sedentary agriculturally based settlements, the use of polishing
techniques for stone tools, the emergence of increasingly complex
systems of religious belief, and the growth of tribal social orders.
This epoch was also marked by the existence of a greater diversity of
cultures than in either the Paleolithic Period or Mesolithic Period.
By far the most developed culture was the agrarian Trypillian
culture, which existed throughout most of Right-Bank Ukraine until
the Bronze Age. Other groups that existed during this period include
the Pitted-Comb Pottery culture and the Bug-Dniester culture. The
Neolithic Period ended with the introduction of metal technology
during the Copper Age...
Trypillian Culture
A
Neolithic-Bronze Age culture existed in Right-Bank Ukraine from 5400
to 2000 BC. It is named after a site near Trypillia in the Kyiv
region uncovered by Vikentiy Khvoika in 1898. The major economic
activities of the early Trypillians were agriculture and animal
h
usbandry,
supplemented by hunting, fishing, and food gathering. The basic tools
of the Trypillian culture were made of stone, bone, and flint. Some
bronze items, especially fishhooks, bracelets, and rings, have been
found at Trypilian excavations. The Trypillian culture is especially
known for its ceramic pottery. In the early period, hand built large
vessels for storing grains, pots, plates, colanders, and the like
were all common. Earthenware was also used to make figurines of
women, scale models of ho-mes, jewelry, and amulets. The exterior of
the pottery was decorated with inscribed ornamentation in the form of
spiraling bands of parallel double lines...
Khvoika Vikentiy
Khvoika
Vikentiy (Czech: Chvojka), born 1850 in Semin, near Prelouc, Bohemia,
died 2 November 1914 in Kyiv. A pioneering Ukrainian archeologist
of
Czech origin. As an act
ive
member of the Kyiv Society of Antiquities and Art, he helped to found
the Kyiv City Museum of Antiquities and Art in 1899; he became the
director of its archeological department in 1904. From 1893 to 1903
Khvoika discovered, excavated, and studied the Kyrylivska settlement
in Kyiv and other Paleolithic sites, sites of the Neolithic
Trypillian culture, Bronze Age and Iron Age tumuli and fortified
settlements in Ukraine's forest-steppe, and the 'burial fi-elds'
of cremation urns and settlements of the Zarubyntsi culture and the
Cherniakhiv culture. He was a leading proponent of the theory that
the Slavic inhabitants of the middle Dnieper Basin were autochthonous
(корінний). He al-so
excavated and studied medieval palaces, fortifications, and churches
in Chyhyryn (1903), Kyiv, and Belgorod.
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2. 1 Дайте відповіді на питання. 1. How long did the Tripillian culture exist on Ukrainian territories? 2. Were the Tripillian tribes primitive agricultural and cattle raising?
3. What were the basic tools of the Trypillian culture made? 4. What did Khvoika discover from 1893 to 1903?