Косвенная речь.

Reported Speech

Существует два способа передачи говорящего : прямой и косвенный.

После слов, которые вводят прямую речь, ставится запятая или двоеточие, а прямая речь заключается в кавычки.

I.При передаче прямой речи в косвенной необходимо соблюдать правила согласования времен и производить все требующиеся по смыслу замены личных и притяжательных местоимений и вспомогательных глаголов.

He said, “ We are going back to our country.” Он сказал: « Мы возвращаемся на родину»

He said that they were going back to their country.Он сказал, что они возвращаются на родину.

He says, “I shall come” он говорит: «Я приду».

He says that he will come.Он говорит, что (он ) придет.

Кроме того, при передаче прямой речи в косвенной происходят следующие изменения:

1. При переводе повествовательного предложения из прямой в косвенную глагол to say как сказуемое главного предложения при наличии косвенного дополнения заменяется соответствующей формой глагола to tell или употребляется без дополнения. указывающего на лицо:

Direct speech: He said to me, “ The novel is very interesting.”

Reported speech: He told me that the novel was interesting. Или: He said that the novel was interesting

2.Личные и притяжательные местоимения придаточного предложения соответственно смыслу могут меняться:

He said, “ I was ill last summer”

He said (that) he had been il last summer.

Direct speech: She repeated, “ I work in a textile mill.”

Reported speech: She repeated (that) she worked in a textile mill.

3.Ряд слов, обозначающих время действия или место действия, близкое к говорящему, при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную меняется на слова, обозначающие время или место действия более отдаленное:

Direct speech	Reported speech
This/these	That/those
Here	There
Now	Then
Tonight ,today, this week/month/year	That night, that day, that week/month/year
Now that	Since
Tomorrow, next week/month/	The day after, the following day, the next week/month/year
Yesterday, last night/week/month/year	The day before, the previous night/week, month/year
Two days/months/years etc.,ago	Two days/ months/years etc.,before

4.если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времен (Simple Present, Past Continuous, Past Perfect), то время глагола прямой речи меняется в соответствии с правилами согласования времен:

Direct speech	Reported speech
Present Simple She said: “ There is a message for him”	Past Simple She said (that) there was is a message for him
Present Continuous She said: “I`m speaking to Joe.”	Past Continuous She said that she was speaking to Joe.”
Present Perfect Leo said :“ You have been to Novgorod, so you can give me Ann`s address. ”	Past Perfect Leo said that as I had been been to Novgorod, I could give him Ann`s address.
Past Simple He said: “I was at the theatre last night”	Past Perfect He said (that) he had been at the theatre the t night before
Future She explained: “ We shall go on an excursion tomorrow”	Conditional She explained (that) they would go on an excursion the following day

При переводе из прямой речи в косвенную глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения сохраняется без изменений:

-если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения употребляется в настоящем или будущем времени:

Direct speech	Reported speech
He`ll say, “ I`ll order a pizza for dinner”	He`ll say (that) he`ll order a pizza for dinner
He says, “I can do it”	He says (that) he can do it

5.При переводе из прямой речи в косвенную модальные глаголы –would, could, should,ought to, used to mustn`t , had better не изменяются.

He said to her, “ You should send him a book”.

He said, (that) she should send him a book.

6.Наречия да и нет ( yes no ) в косвенной речи передаются глаголами:

Yes передается глаголами: agree, answer in the affirmative, consent

He said, “ Yes, I shall give this book to you”

He agreed ( consented) to give that book to me.

No передается глаголами: refuse, answer in the negative

“ No, I have no time,” she said.

She answered in the negative.

II.При переводе повелительных предложений из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:

Tell, ask, command, order, request + to-infinitive

Tell, ask, command, order, request + not to-infinitive

При передаче просьбы или приказания в косвенной речи употребляется простое предложение с инфинитивной конструкцией после глаголов tell, ask, command,order, beg, request и т.д.

Direct speech	Reported speech
1.Mother shouted, “ Come here at once”	1.Mother ordered me to come to her at once
2. She said, “ Give me a spoon and a fork “	2. She asked me to give her a spoon and a fork.
3.The secretary said, “ Please, pass me the paper”	3. The secretary requested to pass her the paper.
4 .The teacher said to me, “ Put the book on the table.”	4. The teacher told me to put the book on the table.”

Личные, указательные и притяжательные местоимения и наречия времени и места заменяются по смыслу.

III. При передаче вопроса в косвенной речи употребляется прямой порядок слов. А не инверсия.

Специальный вопрос в косвенной речи присоединяется к главному предложению с помощью какого- нибудь соединительного местоимения, или наречия ( what, which, who, when, where, why )

Ask+wh-word

Direct speech	Reported speech
She asked us, “ Where will they go tomorrow?”	She asked us where they would go the following day ?”
The boy said, “ Which way has my brother gone?”	The boy asked which way his brother had gone

Общие и альтернативные вопросы в косвенной речи присоединяются к главному предложению с помощью союзов whether, if, которые равны по значению русской частице ли.

Ask+if/whether

Direct speech	Reported speech
He asked me, “ Do you read English?”	He asked me whether I read English or not
I asked them, “Did you see him last evening ?”	I asked them if they had seen him the previous evening.

Exercise 1. Rewrite what the government minister said at a meeting, using the verbs in brackets.

1.( claim): ‘Unemployment is going down at a steady rat.’

The government minister claimed that unemployment was going down at a steady rat.’

2.(insist): ‘The problem started with the previous government ‘

3.(announce): ’We will create 100, 000 more jobs by next year’

4.(admit): ‘There were more than 1,000 new cases of AIDS last year.’

5.(warn): ‘The number is likely to rise by 20 percent in the next two years’

6.(promise): ‘We will end poverty’

7.(deny): ’The government has done something about it’

8.( remind the public): ‘We have spent over $ 500 million on new houses’

9.(agree): ’Yes, I`ll answer questions at the end of the meeting.’

10.(refuse): ‘I`m sorry, I won`t answer questions about my person life ’

Exercise2 Rewrite the sentences , using the reported speech

1.He said: I have just received a letter from my uncle.‘’

2.” I`m going to the theatre tonight,” he sais to me.

3.Mike said: “I spoke to mister brown this morning.”

4. He said to her: “I shall do it today ifi have time.”

5.I said to them: “I can give you my uncle`s address”

6. oleg said: “My room is on the second floor.”

7.He said I`m sure she will ring me up when she is back in London.”

8.Mischa said: “ I saw them at my parents` house last year.”

9. He said: “ I haven`t seen my cousin today.”

10. “ I don`t go to this shop very often,” she saisd.

Exercise3 .Use direct speech.

1. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day.

2. He told me he was ill.

3. He told me he had fallen ill.

4. They told me Tom hadn`t come to school the day before.

5. I told my sister she might catch cold.

6. she told me she had caught cold.

7. he said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on the desk all the time.

8. She said she was feeling bad that day.

9. The old man told the doctor that he had pain in his right side.

10. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box. You will not need to use all the verbs.

Promise, suggest, warn ,add, offer, complain, announce, admit, deny, claim, agree, insist, advise, beg, refuse, threaten, regret, accuse, apologize, remind, declare

1. Judy promised not to tell my parents that I had lost money.

2. Out neighbour … to call the police if we carried on fighting.

3. The old man … that he had a pain in his chest.

4. Frances … not going to the concert when she heard how god it had ben.

5 .Jack … breaking the mirror in the bathroom.

6. The police … the man of planning a terrorist attack on a government building in Paris.

7. The patient … to have a blood transfusion for religious reasons.

8. My sister … organizing a surprise party for our parents` wedding anniversary.

9. He shouted at me but then quickly … for his behavior.

10. Patrick … that he and Carol were getting married.