Текст 3

Side Ditches.

For collecting water from the roadbed side ditches, flumes, interception ditches and drain channeling can be used. Present road construction provides side ditches parallel with the roadway. A side ditch is intended to collect the water discharged by the crown. It also collects the water from the roadside. Water from the

adjoining land must be collected by the side ditch too. The side ditch discharges into a natural outlet at the first opportunity. Side ditches in cuttings and next to embankments may be excavated to a depth of up to 0.6 m. These ditches are for the collection of water flows off the road surface and from adjoining land during rainfall or snow thawing. The side ditch may contribute to the drainage of the sub grade because of the evaporation of moisture from the side ditch inner slopes. However, the major use of the side ditch

is to permit the rapid discharge of water. When this water discharge is not ensured and pending occurs, the side ditch becomes a source from which water may penetrate back under the road, resulting in saturation of the sub grade. The cross-section of the ditch is either V-typed or trapezoidal. In the case of impermeable soils and in less favorable conditions of runoff the side ditches can be given a trapezoidal cross-section with a bottom width of 0.4 m and a depth of up to 0.7-0.8 m from the edge embankment. If the road must be built in dry country with a rapid surface runoff, and the occurrence of ground water is deep, the side ditches are given the shape of triangular flues of 0.3 m minimum depth. The V-typed side ditch can be easily constructed and maintained with the blade grader. The V-typed side ditch cannot be deep and, therefore, it is much safer than the trapezoidal side ditch.

What is the side ditch intended to?

What does the side ditch discharge into?

Why may the side ditch contribute to the drainage of the sub grade?

What is the major use of the side ditch?

When does the side ditch become a source from which water may penetrate back under the road, resulting in saturation of the sub grade?

The cross-section of the ditch is either V-typed or trapezoidal, isn’t it?

What machine can the side ditch be easily constructed and maintained with?

Economy and Management

Экономика и управление

Текст 1

Personnel Management

The most valuable asset of any business is its people. Land, buildings, goods, and equipment may dominate a balance sheet, but they do not make a business successful: people do. The best businesses are the ones that have the best people capable, creative, energetic people. To attract them requires both ingenuity and

initiative on the part of an employer. But the payoff in productivity is worth it. Staffing your business with the best people should be one of the highest priorities. Staffing, leading and controlling are important functions of management. The main aim of staffing is to fill and keep filled the positions in the organization structure with competent people. It also involves selecting, hiring, promoting, planning the career, compensating and training. Many firms have a personnel department with personnel manager directly responsible for coordinating activities of the employees. Yet, whether or not there is a personnel department, all managers are responsible for managing human resources.

What do business successful?

What functions of management are named?

What assets of a business are mentioned in the text?

Which of them is characterized as the most valuable? Why?75

What does the term "to staff" mean?

Who is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the employees?

What people are responsible for personnel management in an organization?