I want him to help me. I'd like him to help me.

Exercise 5. Finish the sentences using Complex Object.

E.g. "Bring me a book," said my brother to me. My brother wanted me to bring him a book,

1. "Wait for me after school," said Ann to me. — Ann wanted ... 2. "Fix the shelf in the kitchen," my father said to me. — My father wanted ... 3. "It will be very good if you study English," said my mother to me. — My mother wanted ... 4. "Bring me some water from the river, children," said our grandmother. — Our grandmother want­ed ... 5. "Come to my birthday party," said Kate to her classmates — Kate wanted ... 6. The biology teacher said to us: "Collect some insects in summer." — The biology teacher wanted ... 7. "Don't eat ice-cream before dinner," said our mother to us. Our mother did not want ... 8. The teacher said to the pupils: "Learn the rule." — The teacher wanted ... 9. "Be careful, or else you will spill the milk," said my mother to me. — My mother did not want ... 10. "My daughter will go to a ballet school," said the woman. — The woman wanted ... 11. The man said: "My son will study mathemat­ics." — The man wanted ... 12. "Oh, father, buy me this toy, please," said the little boy. — The little boy wanted ...

СЛОЖНОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ (COMPLEX SUBJECT)

Не	is said to know six languages. Говорят, что он знает шесть языков.
Не	was said to know six languages. Говорили, что он знает шесть языков.
Не	is said to have gone to London. Говорят, что он уехал в Лондон.
Не	was said to have gone to London. Говорили, что он уехал в Лондон. ————————————————————————————

Не was said to work a lot.

...was said to... ...was seen to... ...was heard to... ...was supposed to... ...was believed to... ...was expected to... ...was reported to... ...was considered to... ...was thought to... ...was found to... ...was announced to... ...was known to...

— Говорили, что он

много работает

— Говорили, что...

— Видели, что...

— Слышали, что...

— Предполагали, что...

— Полагали, что...

— Ожидали, что

— Сообщали, что

— Считали, что

— Думали, что..,

— Обнаружили, что...

— Объявили, что...

— Было известно, что...

Exercise 7. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. Не was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists. 2. He is said to be a good trans­lator. 3. Roberta was known to be an honest and hard-working girl. 4. Clyde was expected to ar­rive at the week-end. 5. Becky and Tom were sup­posed to have stayed at the widow Douglas'. 6. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year. 7. Many new text­books are expected to be published soon. 8. The Moscow Underground is said to be the finest in the world. 9. Chernyshevsky is known to have spoken several foreign languages. 10. A hare is known to run very fast. 11. The man was seen to take off his coat. 12. The diamond content of the mines in Western Yakutia is said to be in no way inferior to that of the world-famous South Afri­can mines. 13. That power station is known to be situated on the Angara River. 14. These devices are considered to be very effective. 15. Many books are known to be published in our country every year. 16. You are supposed to graduate in four years. 17. Radium is said to be very radioactive. 18. This device was known to have been designed in that laboratory. 19. His invention is consid­ered to be of great importance. 20. The sun is known to represent a mass of compressed gases. 21. The new rocket is reported to go into opera­tion next year. 22. This type of rocket is sup­posed to have many advantages. 23. For a long­time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 24. The helium atom was found to have two elec­trons. 25. I did not know what I was expected to say to that, so I said nothing.

Forms of the Participle

building (строящий) - Present Participle Active

having built ( построив) - Perfect Participle Active

being built ( будучи строящимся кем-то) - Present Participle Passive

built ( построенный кем-то) - Past Participle Passive

having been built ( будучи построенным кем-то ) - Perfect Participle Passive

Exercise 8.Translate into Russian paying attention to the Participle.

1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate's uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the perform­ance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the win­dow, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

Exercise 9. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Past Participle.

1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets using Present Participle or Perfect Participle.

1. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (to do) his homework, he went for a walk. 3 (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hop­ing to see his friends. 4. (to sell) all the fruit, he went to see. his friends. 5. (to eat) all the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 6. (to drink) tea, she scalded her lips. 7. (to run) in the yard, I fell and hurt my Knee. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to write) out and (to learn) all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 10. (to live) in the south of our country, he cannot enjoy the beauty of St. Petersburg's White Nights in summer. 11. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she did not notice how a thief stole her money. 12. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 13. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 14. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.

Exercise 11. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Participle.

1. (to translate) by a good specialist, the story ^гpreserved all the sparkling humour of the origi nal. 2. (to approve) by the critics, the young au­thor's story was accepted by a thick magazine. 3. (to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invit­ed into the drawing-room. 4. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 5. They reached the oa­sis at last, (to walk) across the endless desert the whole day. 6. (to lie) down on the soft couch, the exhausted child fell asleep at once. 7. She went to work, (to leave) the child with the nurse. 8. (to phone) the agency, he left (to say) he would be back in two hours. 9. (to write) in very bad hand­writing, the letter was difficult to read. 10. (to write) his first book, he could not help worrying about the reaction of the critics. 11. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 12. (to be) so far away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 13. She looked at the enormous bunch of roses with a happy smile, never (to give) such a wonderful present. 14. (not to wish) to discuss that difficult and painful prob­lem, he changed the conversation.

Exercise 12.Translate into Russian paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction.

1. The next morning, it being Sunday, they all went to church. 2. For the moment the shop was empty, the mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back. 3. There being nothing else on the ta­ble, Oliver replied that he wasn't hungry. 4. Mrs. Maylie being tired, they returned more slowly home. 5. Their search revealing nothing, Clyde and she walked to a corner. 6. The wind being favourable, our yacht will reach the island in no time. 7. I had long tasks every day to do with Mr. Mell, but I did them, there being no Mr. and Miss Murdstone here. 8. It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. 9. He being no more heard of, it was natural to forget everything. 10. He started about five, Riggs having informed him that the way would take him three hours. 11. Our horses being weary, it was agreed that we should come to a halt. 12. It having been decided that they should not go out on account of the weather, the members of the party were busy writing their notes. 13. The wind stirring among trees and bushes, we could hear nothing. 14. You can set your mind at ease, all being well. 15. There being no chance of escape, the thief was arrested on the spot. 16. Oliver knocked weakly at the door and, all his strength failing him, sank near the door. 17. The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late. 18. There being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 19. It being cold and damp, a fire was lighted for the weary travellers to warm themselves by. 20. It being pretty late, they decided to postpone their visit. 21. The hour being late, she hastened home. 22. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker. 23. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 24. The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were. 25. The weather being very warm, the closet window was left open. 26. And the wind having dropped, they set out to walk. 27. The vessel being pretty deep in the water and the weather being calm there was but little motion. 28. The resistance being very high, the cur­rent in the circuit was very low.

Exercise 13. Use Complex Object with the Participle.

E.g. He was reading in the garden. She saw him.

She saw him reading in the garden.

1. The girl was singing. I heard her. 2. They were talking about computers. He heard them. 3. You and you friend were walking along the street yes­terday. I saw you. 4. The little girls were playing on the grass. We watched them. 5. The ship was leaving the port. He stood and looked at it. 6. She was sleeping peacefully in her bed. Mother watched her. 7. The cat was rubbing itself on my leg. I felt it. 8. They were fishing. We saw it. 9. The pupils were writing a test-paper. The teacher watched them. 10. A caterpillar was crawling on my arm. I felt it. 11. We heard I. Arkhipova last night. She was singing a Russian folk song. 12. I watched the sun. It was rising. 13. I heard him. He was singing an Eng­lish song. 14. We noticed a man. The man was clean­ing his shoes. 15. He saw two girls. They were danc­ing on the stage. 16, She watched the children. They were running and playing in the garden. 17. I saw her. She was arranging her hair, 18. We saw our neighbour. He was listening to the latest news on the radio. 19. John heard his sister. She was talk­ing loudly on the veranda. 20. We saw Ben. He was crossing the square. 21. They heard their father. He was playing the piano in the drawing-room. 22. I can see the train. It is coming. 23. I watched the rain. It was beating down the flowers in the garden. 24. I saw a group of boys. They were eating ice-cream. 25. We noticed a group of people. They were digging potatoes in the field. 26. Didn't you see her? She was smiling at you.

Test yourself

Text 1

Read the text and choose the correct answer.

Laws are now written but were there laws in societies that have not left a written record? The interference must be that there were not customs, handed down throughout the genera-tions, which governed human behaviour. There is plenty of evi-dence of ordered behaviour in the Neolitic or late Stone Age. We can take two examples from the UK. The area around Stonehenge in Wiltshire is full of evidence of sustained human activity over an extended period, starting in the Neolitic era and continuing through the Bronze Age. As far north as Skara Brae in the Orkneys stone houses were built at a time when most buildings in Britain were wooden. These could not have been built and maintained without settled rules as to how people conducted themselves. Contracts can be, and frequently are, oral. There is no magic about the written word although the absence of writing clearly gives rise to the possibility of differences of recollection and is far from ideal. Perhaps in the days before writing, important arrangements such as contracts would have been entered into with witness present. We simply do not know.

Did the written record develop because it was needed for commerce and law, or did it develop for other reasons and was then found convenient for commercial transactions? Again, we do not know for certain but if we look at the written record as it developed, it can be seen that commerce and law were at the forefront. To take a European example, the Mycenaean civilisation in and around Mycenae in southern Greece flourished in the later Bronze Age, about 1600 to1200 BC, some hundreds of years before classical Greece. A written language associated with the Mycenaeans and known to archaeologists as “Linear B” was deciphered in the 1950s by an architect called Michael Ventris. This record turned out to be archives and inventories with nothing of any literary merit. In other words, they were largely commercial in nature. Linear A, an even earlier script, has yet to be deciphered.

Cuneiform tablets dated to at least 2500 BC have been discovered in Mesopotamia but simpler written records of one sort or another go back to about 5000 BC. Some tablets contain inventories. Others show a record of loans, which are essentially a legal matter. It is more than possible that the wish to record commercial transactions of varying sorts more permanently was the principal force in inventing ways of creating that permanence. The evidence would seem to support the theory that writing was needed by societies primarily to regulate their activities and that literature came along later. Societies that traded with others found that dependence on the purely verbal was unreliable.

1. Scientists have facts proving … in societies without written language.

1. that there were laws

2. the absence of laws

3. laws to be impossible

2. The stone houses built in the Neolitic era and the Bronze Age … settled rules.

1. could have been built without

2. were definetely built in accordance with

3. cannot be the proof of

3. Contracts that are not written are …

1. illegal.

2. invalid.

3. common.

4. If there is no written document people involved …

1. may be confused.

2. will be able to recall the details.

3. will need a witness.

5. The history of written language demonstrates that com-merce and law …

1. have always been in conflict with each other.

2. have been in permanent interaction.

2. could be seen as reasons for the written record development.

6. A written language “Linear A” …

1. was used for documentation.

2. is of great value as a literary monument.

3. has not been decoded yet.

6. Some tablets found in Mesopotamia …

1. are dated to the later Bronze Age.

2. prove that written language was mainly used for legal matters.

3. were used as the only means of conducting business.

6. The general idea of the text is that …

1. literature preceded business records.

2. the Ancients used writing to make their transactions more profitable.

3. legal matters were the driving force behind writing devel-opment.

Text 2

The paragraphs of the text below are jumbled up. Put them in the correct order.

1. To understand legal reasoning, it should be recognized that legal reasoning is done case by case and employs a rudimentary three-step process.

Step 1. The current case is compared with at least one previous similar case.

Step 2. The previous case or cases are analysed for the rules found in them, and those rules are restated and perhaps adapted a bit to meet new conditions.

Step 3. The rules, as previously stated in earlier cases as revised, are then applied to the current case.

2. This leaves the final basic element of legal reasoning — statutory interpretation. Before judges decide how to apply a statute, they must first decide what a statute means. Like case reasoning, statutory interpretation is simple to describe but can become complex in a real case. At its core, statutory interpretation addresses the question: What does this law mean?

3. However, case reasoning is not all that is involved in legal reasoning. What happens when a judge has to decide a case involving a topic the courts have never ruled on before, or must apply a statute that courts have never applied before? This kind of case is called a case of first impression. Judges are not permit-ted simply to make up new law on a whim. They have to devel-op a rational basis for their decisions. In making new law, the judges look at and analyse related areas of law, social customs, traditions, and social policies, then arrive at a conclusion.

4. Legal reasoning is an unusual kind of reasoning — so unusual that nearly four centuries ago, England’s Chief Justice Edward Coke had a heated dispute with King James I on whether the king himself could make court judgement. James I asserted that law was based on reason, and that he could reason as well as a judge. At the risk of his neck, Coke argued that although the king was a very smart fellow, he didn’t know the laws of England and, moreover, the king had only the ability to apply “natural” reason. Coke contended that legal cases “are not to be decided by natural Reason but by the artificial Reason and Judgement of Law.” In the end, Coke kept his neck and head, and the notion of “artificial” reasoning lives on with us in legal reasoning today.

4. This rudimentary three-step process is at the core of what is called case reasoning. Тhe underlying simplicity of case rea-soning can cause difficulty. Given the vast body of existing case law, each side of a dispute usually can find cases that are similar to the dispute at hand and whose outcomes are favourable to its own side.

Read the text about legal reasoning once again. Are the following sentences true or false?

1. King James I was sure that he could make court judgement as he knew the legal system very well.

2. James I managed to convince Edward Coke.

3. Edward Coke introduced the notion of “artificial” reasoning, although he was executed.

4. Case reasoning involves three stages.

5. The rules found in previous cases are never adapted to meet new conditions.

6. If a judge has to decide a case involving a topic the courts have never ruled on before he usually makes new law.

7. Case reasoning is easy to apply.

8. The essence of statutory interpretation is to understand what this law means.