Exercises

1. Translate the following words and word combinations:

Farming practice, production milk for sale, artificial, good feeding and management, profit, grazing, to resist disease and parasitic troubles, gestation period, to build up body reserves, to transmit, offspring.

2. Matching.

Good nutritious grazing	high feeding for the last 2-3 months.
Good feeding and management are specially important	rear the calves in some artificial way.
It is very important to provide	for the first days.
It is necessary to provide the first milk	both through the male and the female.
The ability to produce milk and butterfat can be transmitted to the offspring	during the first 6 months.
Sometimes it is necessary to	helps calves to resist disease and parasitic troubles.

3. Choose the right word from the box:

feeding offspring gestation artificial resist supplementary

1. A lot of minerals and vitamins will help the livestock to …. dangerous diseases.

2. …. should be provided regularly.

3. Sometimes …. feeding should be given.

4. Very often animals are grown in an …. way.

5. The ability to produce milk can be transmitted to the …. both by the male and the female.

6. The …. period of the cow lasts for about 280 days.

4. Make a plan of the given text. Entitle each part.

Beef cattle and dairy cattle Feeding

Good pasture is the necessary basis of successful cattle production. Whenever the pasture is insufficient to provide adequate nutrients to meet the needs of the cattle, it will be necessary to supplement the pasture with additional feed for best results. Ten pounds of good legume hay, 30 pounds of legume silage, or 20 to 25 pounds of sorghum or corn silage will replace about one half of the pasture requirements for mature cattle. If available, silage is an excellent supplement when the grasses are dry or mature. Grain may be also used to replace part of the pasture requirements of cattle.

Concentrates are used extensively in cattle rations. They consist primarily of the grains and by-products of grain of oil seeds. Different grains are used in feeding cattle. Corn is palatable and very nutritious. Grain sorghums, wheat, oats, and barley may be substituted for corn. Soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal and cottonseed oil meal are excellent sources of protein for dairy cattle.

Roughages should make up a large part of the cattle ration. High-quality legume hay is considered to be the best roughage from a nutritional standpoint. It is high in proteins, minerals and vitamins.

Grass hays are excellent roughages but low in proteins and minerals compared to legume hay. Silage may be made from legumes and grasses. Silage made from legumes will contain more protein than that made from grasses. Corn and sorghums make excellent silage. The silage made from these crops will be lower in protein than legume or legume and grass silage but higher in carbohydrates.

Vitamins and minerals must be included in cattle ration. B-complex or water-soluble vitamins are manufactured in the cow’s digestive system. Vitamin A is found in yellow corn, good-quality cured roughage, pasture, and many other feeds. Vitamin D is supplied to animals coming into contact with sunshine and is contained in sun-cured forages.

Concerning minerals, many dairymen feed a pound of mineralized salt and a pound of steamed bone meal for each 100 pounds of concentrated mixture. Bone meal is high in calcium and phosphorus, and the mineralized salt provides the salt and trace elements.