- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •School Report Shocks Parents
- •1. Participle I Indefinite Active can be used as an attribute.
- •IV. Participle I as part of a complex object.
- •Participle I as part of a complex subject/part of a compound verbal predicate.
- •Participial phrase as parenthesis.
- •A) Active Voice; Present Participle throwing – бросающий, бросавший, бросая, бросив
- •B) Passive Voice; Present Participle being thrown – бросаемый, будучи брошен
- •Past Participle; thrown – бросаемый, брошенный
- •I. Participle II as an attribute.
- •II. Participle II as an adverbial modifier:
- •IV. Participle II as part of a complex object.
- •V. Participle II as part of a complex subject/part of a compound verbal predicate.
- •VI. Participial phrase as parenthesis.
- •I. Participial phrase as parenthesis.
- •The Adjectivized Participle
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •Summary
- •The Objective Participial Construction (with Participle I)
- •Summary
- •The Objective Participial Construction (with Participle II)
- •The Objective Participial Construction (with Participle I and Participle II)
- •The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The Subjective Participial Construction (with Participle I and Participle II)
- •The Objective Participial Construction The Subjective Participial Construction (with Participle I and Participle II)
- •Summary
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Summary
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Formation of Participle I (Spelling Rules)
- •Verbs ending in -ie drop the final -e and change I into y before taking -ing
- •Answer key
- •Reference list
- •Грамматика английского языка неличные формы глагола: причастие
- •634041, Г. Томск, пр. Комсомольский, 75
Formation of Participle I (Spelling Rules)
Participle I of both regular and irregular verbs is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb. In writing the following spelling rules are observed:
(1) the -ing form is added to the base form of the verb:
to do - doing to go - going |
to expect - expecting to be – being |
to push - pushing to read - reading |
to sleep - sleeping to video - videoing |
(2) if a verb ends in a mute -e, the -e is dropped before adding -ing:
to live - living to skate - skating |
to smoke - smoking to come - coming |
to hope - hoping to write - writing |
to have - having to use - using |
to argue - arguing to continue - continuing |
to rescue - rescuing (спасать) to pursue – pursuing (преследовать; бежать за к-л.) |
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to queue – queuing or queueing |
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but verbs that end in -ee, -ye, -oe, -ge don’t lose the -e:
to agree - agreeing to see - seeing |
to flee - fleeing to free - freeing |
to guarantee - guaranteeing |
to dye - dyeing (красить, окрашивать) (to distinguish from: to die - dying) |
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to hoe - hoeing (мотыжить, разрыхлять [землю]; копать) to canoe - canoeing (плыть на байдарке, на каноэ) to shoe - shoeing (обувать; подковывать) to toe - toeing (ударять носком) |
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to singe - singeing (опалять; палить, подпаливать) (to distinguish from: to sing - singing) to swinge - swingeing (избить, поколотить) (to distinguish from: to swing - swinging) |
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Verbs ending in -ie drop the final -e and change I into y before taking -ing
to lie - lying to die - dying |
to tie - tying to vie - vying (конкурировать, соревноваться) |
(3) if a verb of one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by only one short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled:
to stop - stopping to beg - begging |
to drag - dragging to drop - dropping |
to put - putting to wrap - wrapping |
to run - running to sit - sitting |
Verbs of more than one syllable behave in the same way if the verb is stressed on the last syllable with one short vowel.
to begin – beginning to forget – forgetting |
to commit - committing to permit- permitting |
to regret - regretting to omit - omitting |
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to eat - eating |
to beat - beating |
to tread - treading |
to boat - boating |
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to benefit - benefiting |
to profit - profiting |
to focus - focusing |
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(4) The final ‘r’ is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel:
to occur - occurring to prefer - preferring to transfer - transferring |
to refer - referring to stir - stirring to bar - barring (запирать на засов, забаррикадировать, набивать решётки [на окна]) |
to defer - deferring (задерживать; уступать (ч-л. желаниям); полагаться (на к-л.) to incur - incurring (терпеть [расходы, убытки]; навлекать на себя ч-л.; подвергаться чему-л.) |
to clear - clearing |
to appear - appearing to differ - differing |
to murmur - murmuring to enter - entering |
(5) verbs ending in -y add -ing:
to study - studying |
to worry - worrying |
to play - playing |
to enjoy - enjoying |
to reply - replying |
to deny - denying |
to stay - staying |
to obey - obeying |
(6) In British English, but not American English, the final ‘l’ is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed:
to travel - travelling to quarrel - quarrelling to signal - signalling |
to compel - compelling (заставлять, принуждать) to cancel - cancelling (аннулировать, отменять) |
to label - labelling (маркировать; размечать; обозначать) to libel - libelling (клеветать, писать пасквили; дискредитировать) |
to instil (or Am. E. instill) - instilling (внушать; вселять (надежду, страх); вливать по капле) to instal or install (Br. E.; Am. E.) - installing (вставлять; устанавливать) to appal (or Am. E. appall) - appalling (ужасать; потрясать; приводить в смятение) to fulfil (or Am. E. fulfill) - fulfilling to enrol (or Am. E. enroll) - enrolling (вносить в список; регистрировать) to distil (or Am. E. distill) - distilling (дистиллировать, очищать; опреснять (воду) |
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but: the final ‘l’ is not doubled if it is not preceded by a short vowel:
to reveal - revealing |
appeal - appealing |
to steal - stealing |
to squeal - squealing (визжать, пронзительно кричать) |
to conceal - concealing |
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(7) In British English, but not American English, the final ‘p’ is doubled in the following verbs:
to handicap - handicapping (препятствовать, мешать; затруднять) to worship - worshipping (поклоняться, преклоняться, почитать, обожать, боготворить) to kidnap - kidnapping (похищать людей, особенно детей (с целью получить выкуп) |
Most verbs ending in -p, however, have the regular spelling in both Br.E. and Am.E. The final ‘p’ is not doubled before -ing in:
to develop - developing to gossip - gossiping |
to gallop - galloping (скакать галопом) to envelop - enveloping (обёртывать; завёртывать) |
(8) -ic at the end of a verb changes to -ick when we add -ing:
to panic - panicking to traffic - trafficking |
to picnic - picnicking (участвовать в пикнике, устраивать пикник) to frolic - frolicking (проказничать, веселиться |
(9) The final consonants -g and -m are doubled after single unstressed vowels:
to humbug - humbugging (обманывать, надувать; вводить в заблуждение) |
to program(me) - programming (Br. E.) to program - programming (Am. E.) |
Exercise 114. Write Participle I of the following verbs.
to want; to weigh; to borrow; to follow; to touch; to work
to change; to invite; to ride; to make
to hit; to let; to nod; to plan; to rob; to shut; to get
to admit; to upset; to submit
to count; to insist; to print; to collect; to help; to attempt; to clean; to remain; to limit; to expect; to vomit; to fidget; to shout; to dread
to remember; to utter; to suffer
to annoy; to destroy; to employ; to qualify; to satisfy; to hurry; to marry; to spy; to dry; to pay; to say; to lay; to slay; to occupy; to cry; to carry; to fry; to delay; to certify; to identify; to simplify
to control; to marvel (изумляться, восхищаться); to excel (отличаться, выделяться; превосходить; быть лучше); to rival (соперничать; конкурировать, соревноваться); to repel (отталкивать; оказывать сопротивление, противостоять (противнику); to expel (исключать (из к-л. организации), выгонять (из дома), высылать (из страны); to level; to revel (пировать; кутить; наслаждаться (ч-л.); получать удовольствие от (ч-л.); to patrol (патрулировать; охранять)
to reveal; appeal; to steal; to conceal; squeal (визжать, пронзительно кричать)
to handicap; to worship; to kidnap
to develop; to gossip; to gallop; to envelop
to panic; to traffic; to picnic; to frolic