- •Philosophy for International Business: examination issues / questions
- •1) Define the difference between philosophy and common sense
- •2) Define the difference between philosophy and humanities/science
- •3) Define the difference between philosophy and ideology
- •4) What are the three general branches of philosophy/what are the basic philosophical questions?
- •5) Explain the meaning and significance of “the arché question”
- •6)The being and becoming dilemma in early Greek philosophy
- •7)Explain Zeno’s paradoxes
- •8)Is total flux chaotic? Explain the nature of change in the system of Heraclitus
- •9)Define dialectic
- •10)Virtue in Greek philosophy. Explain the meaning of knowledge in Socrate’s ethics
- •11) Explain “Eutyfro dilemma”
- •13)Plato’s theory of ideas: the conception of participation
- •14)Plato’s theory of ideas: the allegory of the cave
- •15)Plato’s theory of ideas: the ideal state
- •16)Aristotle: syllogisms
- •19)Aristotle: the theory of virtue (Golden Mean)
- •20)Aristotle: what does it mean to be a political animal?
- •21)The existence of God: ontological argument as formulated by St. Anselm
- •23)The existence of God: Pascal’s wager
- •25)Descartes: the Cartesian method – its main assumptions and functions
- •26)Descartes: cogito and the mind/body problem
- •27)The theory of substance: monism and monistic theories
- •28)The theory of substance: pluralism and pluralistic theories
- •30)Locke’s tabula rasa and the critique of nativism.
- •31)Locke: primary and secondary qualities
- •34)Hume: the critique of necessary connection between cause and effect
- •35)Kant: a prori /a posteriori and analytic / synthetic judgments
- •36)Kant: forms of sensible intuition and categories and “the second Copernican revolution”
- •37)Kant: is metaphysics a science?
- •38)Kant ethics: categorical imperative
8)Is total flux chaotic? Explain the nature of change in the system of Heraclitus
Heraclitus teaches that all things are flux or change; contrary to what sense data might indicate at times, nothing is permanent, but everything is constantly becoming something else or going out of existence.
Heraclitus uses the river as a metaphor to describe the nature of all things: superficially a river may appear to be a permanent and stable entity, but closer inspection reveals that it continually changes, not being the same river from one moment to the next.
You could not step twice into the same river, for other waters are ever flowing on to you. everything is in state of flux.
All things come out of the One and One out of all things. I see nothing but becoming. river in which your bathe second time is no longer the same river which you've entered before.
LOGOS
The endless and restless proccess of becoming may seem to be chaotic . But things are not what they seem - according to Heraclitus it makes sense for nature , as well as man governed by LOGOS.
Logos- Greek term meaning varously "word" "reason" "speech". A central concept in ancient greek philosophy and later religious thought.
Logos usually refers in some way to a power that brings the world into the order. Heraclitus, one of the first to use that term, associated logos, the active creative principle, ever moving or changing with the Element of Fire.
9)Define dialectic
dialectic – from the Greek word “discourse”
originally the method of philosophical inquiry perfected by Socrates, later developed as the basis of the philosophies of Hegel and Marx. In all cases, dialectic works through contradiction.
10)Virtue in Greek philosophy. Explain the meaning of knowledge in Socrate’s ethics
The highest state is arête (virtue) or excellence, a moral knowledge that sees clearly the best course of action in any situation.
The way to arête is self-knowledge; as Socrates says in the Apology, “The unexamined life is not worth of living”.
Socrates’ supposed impiety was based on his perception that the gods of mythology no longer provided the basis of a viable ethic; instead a morality based on knowledge was necessary.
Eutyphro is almost entirely devoted to that topic
Socrates is widely known as the father or the founder of ethics and definition .
Ethics.
For Socrates knowledge and virtue were identical.
virtue is a central notion of the ancient Greek ethics, for the critical ethical question than was how to be a good man, that is a man, who has been able to master certain virtues such as fortitude or jusitce.
According to Socrates, when one has knowledge, one acts wisely and thus virtuously. evil acts are only comitted from ignorance.
11) Explain “Eutyfro dilemma”
The ancient Greek philosopher Euthyphro developed a theory of moral correctness stating that, “what is pleasing to the gods is holy, and what is not pleasing to them is unholy.” In other words, “what God approves of is morally right, and what God disapproves of is morally wrong.” This form of thought, known as the Divine Command Theory, is perhaps among the most basic of theories relating morality and religion.
12) Plato’s theory of ideas: ideas and sensual objects – differences and similarities
In Plato's theory of ideas, Plato sought to resolve a problem that vexed a Greek mind, opposition between being and becoming.
He said that the world we experience, the world of change, the world of sense experience and impressions is only an imperfect outcropping, a shadow of the pristine, unchanging, universal world of forms, that is world of Ideas. That world, not this, is a real world. it contains the ideal forms of everything. The world of ideas is eternal, the world of sensual objects is temporary and illusory.
A beatiful rose we admire is merely a flawed approximation of the ideal rose and of the ideal standard of beauty – an illusion in fact.
This illusion (which according to Plato is only a reflection of the real thing, that is the idea) “participates” only partially in its ideal form. Hence there are thousands and thousnads of roses which are different but somehow alike, yet there is only one ideal that is the ideal rose and all the roses in the world (past, present and future) participate in the one ideal
individual objects take on the characters of the Forms (Ideas)