- •1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.
- •2. Phonetics and other disciplins.
- •3. The role of pronunciation in the process of communication.
- •4. The role of phonetics in foreign language teaching.
- •5. The material aspect of the phoneme
- •6. The abstract aspect of the phoneme
- •7. Phonetic transcription. What type of broad transcription is preferable for teaching pronunciation?
- •8. Which method of broad transcription do you prefer? why?
- •9. The functional aspect of the phoneme.
- •10. The conceptions of the phoneme.
- •11. Main trends in the phoneme theory
- •12. Methods of phonological analysis
- •13. Semantically-distributional method of establishing the phonemic status of speech sounds (I.E. Phonological analysis)
- •15. Degrees and position of word stress.
- •16. The definition of intonation. Components of intonation.
- •17.Intonation pattern and its components
- •18. Which component of the intonation pattern is the most important one? why? (то же самое)
- •19. View intonation on the functional level
- •20.Communicative function of intonation
- •21. The distinctive function of intonation
- •22. What kinds of meaning can be differentiated by the opposition of terminal tones?
- •23. The role of intonation in structuring the information content of the utterance.
- •24. Organizing function of intonation: delimitation and integration
- •25. Pragmatic function of intonation
- •26. Is intonation always in balance with the grammatical structure and word content?
- •27. Rhythm in english
- •28. Phonostylistics. Phonostylistic approach to the description of phonetic phenomena
- •29. Extralinguistic situation and its components
- •30. What extralinguistic factors play the leading role in phonetic styles formation?
- •31. Stylistic modifications of speech sounds
- •32. Which classification of phonetic styles do you prefer?
- •33. In which spheres of communication is informational style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •34. In which spheres of communication is academic style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •35. Rp as a pronunciation standard and teaching norm
- •New tendencies in the pronunciation of present day english
- •Intrusive “r”, inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling. (idea of, China and)
- •37. Principle types of pronunciation in britain
- •General american
General american
There are certain varieties of Educated American speech. There are 3 main types of cultivated speech in the USA: the Eastern type (is spoken in New England and in New York city), the Southern type (is used in the South and South-East of the USA) and Western or General American.
General American is one of 3 main types of cultivated/educated speech in the USA. General American is also known as Northern American or Western American. It is spoken in the central Atlantic States: New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin and others. GA pronunciation is the pronunciation standard of the USA. GA is a form of speech used by radio and television. It is mostly used in scientific, cultural and business intercourse.
There are some differences between GA and RP.
1) There is no strict division of vowels into long or short in GA.
2) Some diphthongs are treated as biphonemic combinations.
3) Pronunciation of [r] between a vowel and a consonant or between a vowel and a silence: turn, bird, star.
4) Nasalization of vowels, when they are preceded or followed by a nasal consonant (small, name).
5) Some GA front, central, back vowels and diphthongs are also somewhat different from RP.
6) Intervocalic [t] is mostly voiced (pity).
7) GA [r] is articulated with greater retroflexion.8) There is a clear distinction between “wh” and “w” words. ([hw])
9) The sonorant [j] is often omitted 10) There are also some stress and intonation differences between GA and RP.