- •1. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics.
- •2. Phonetics and other disciplins.
- •3. The role of pronunciation in the process of communication.
- •4. The role of phonetics in foreign language teaching.
- •5. The material aspect of the phoneme
- •6. The abstract aspect of the phoneme
- •7. Phonetic transcription. What type of broad transcription is preferable for teaching pronunciation?
- •8. Which method of broad transcription do you prefer? why?
- •9. The functional aspect of the phoneme.
- •10. The conceptions of the phoneme.
- •11. Main trends in the phoneme theory
- •12. Methods of phonological analysis
- •13. Semantically-distributional method of establishing the phonemic status of speech sounds (I.E. Phonological analysis)
- •15. Degrees and position of word stress.
- •16. The definition of intonation. Components of intonation.
- •17.Intonation pattern and its components
- •18. Which component of the intonation pattern is the most important one? why? (то же самое)
- •19. View intonation on the functional level
- •20.Communicative function of intonation
- •21. The distinctive function of intonation
- •22. What kinds of meaning can be differentiated by the opposition of terminal tones?
- •23. The role of intonation in structuring the information content of the utterance.
- •24. Organizing function of intonation: delimitation and integration
- •25. Pragmatic function of intonation
- •26. Is intonation always in balance with the grammatical structure and word content?
- •27. Rhythm in english
- •28. Phonostylistics. Phonostylistic approach to the description of phonetic phenomena
- •29. Extralinguistic situation and its components
- •30. What extralinguistic factors play the leading role in phonetic styles formation?
- •31. Stylistic modifications of speech sounds
- •32. Which classification of phonetic styles do you prefer?
- •33. In which spheres of communication is informational style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •34. In which spheres of communication is academic style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
- •35. Rp as a pronunciation standard and teaching norm
- •New tendencies in the pronunciation of present day english
- •Intrusive “r”, inserted before a following vowel even though there is no “r” in spelling. (idea of, China and)
- •37. Principle types of pronunciation in britain
- •General american
34. In which spheres of communication is academic style used? what are its main prosodic characteristics?
The academic style is used in the following spheres of communication that involve the written variety of the language and the spoken variety of the language in the forms of a monologue, a dialogue, a polylogue suggesting public and non-public relationships, reading or speaking in a prepared or spontaneous way. By way of illustration, let us consider the invariant of phonostylistic characteristics of an academic lecture read aloud in public in front of a fairly-sized audience. 1. Timbre: authoritative, imposing, edifying, instructive, self-assured. 2. Delimitation: phonopassages – phrases – intonation groups. 3. Style – marking prosodic features: a) loudness – increased, sometimes to forte; b) levels an ranges – remarkably varied with the passage segments, gradual decrease within the supraphrasal unity; c) rate – normal, slow on the most important parts of the lecture (rules, conclusions, examples); rate is as flexible as the lecturer wishes it to be; d) pauses – rather long, especially between the phonopassages; a large proportion of the pauses serving to bring out communicatively important parts of utterances; occasional use of breath-taking pauses; e) rhythm – properly organized, especially while giving the rules, reading the laws, drawing conclusions, etc. 4. Accentuation of semantic centres: a) terminal tones – high proportion of compound terminal tones (High Fall + Low Rise, Fall-Rise, Rise-Fall-Rise); a great number of high categoric falls; b) pre-nuclear patterns – frequent use of stepping and falling heads; alternation of descending and ascending heads, especially in enumeration; c) the contrast between the accented and unaccented segments – not great.
35. Rp as a pronunciation standard and teaching norm
RP is the received standard pronunciation of English in Great Britain/England. (It was London dialect that with the lapse of time became RP).
RP is regionless accent within Britain: you cannot say which area of Britain the speakers of RP come from, which is not the case for any other type of British accents. RP is most widely understood pronunciation of those in the world who use British English as their reference accent. It is also the type of British English pronunciation that Americans find easiest to understand. That`s why it is chosen as a teaching norm.
It`s true to say that only 3-5% of the population of England speak RP. According to British phoneticians RP is not homogeneous. The scholars (A. Gimson+) distinguish two groups of English RP: National RP and Regional RP.
National RP comprises 3 types: Refined (or conservative) RP forms, General RP forms and Advanced RP forms.
Refined RP is used by the older generations and, traditionally, by certain professions or social groups. Refined RP is that type which is commonly associated with upper-class. Sometimes it is called “King`s English” or “Oxford English”.
General RP is most commonly in use and typified by the pronunciation adopted by BBC.
Advanced RP is mainly used by young people of exclusive social groups – mostly by the upper classes, but also for prestige value in certain professional circles.
Regional accents of Great Britain can be grouped into Southern English accents? Northern and Midland accents, Welsh English, Scottish English, Northern Ireland English.
There is one regional type of RP called “Estuary English”, which is very close to “Advanced RP”. It is often spoken by young people who want to avoid “snobbish” accent and at the same time to sound trendy and fashionable.
(Another classification: A. Gimson distinguishes 3 main types within it: General RP, Refined RP and Regional RP. General RP is most commonly in use and typified by the pronunciation adopted by BBC. Refined RP is that type which is commonly associated with upper-class. Sometimes it is called “King`s English”. (It is increasingly declining because for many others speakers it is often regarded as affected.) Regional RP is standard pronunciation norm in particular geographical regions which are commonly close to the national RP but reflect regional peculiarities. There is one regional type of RP called “Estuary English”. It is often spoken by young people who want to avoid “snobbish” accent and at the same time to sound trendy and fashionable.)