2. Answer the followings questions:

1. When did science have its origin?

2. When did the true progress in science begin?

3. What were the next 500 years called?

4. What was the first in importance idea among the scientific achievements of the Renaissance?

5. What were the ideas of Ptolomy and N. Copernicus?

3. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions (if necessary)

1. the courage required ____ advance an idea of this nature

2. it operates _____"laws"

3. more than 2000 years _____our era

4. _____ Archimedes we owe the first application _____ mathematics

5. to show desire to know _____ their environment

6. _____ the period _____ the Greeks to the Renaissance

7. . true progress in science did not begin _____ about the sixth century

8. and that all of them moved _____ the sun.

4. До слів у стовпчику зліва підберіть групу синонімів із стовпчика справа. При визначенні слова орієнтуйтесь на текст

1. courage A. outstanding , predominant , prevalent

2. confront B spring , basis , cause, root, source

3. assume C world , creation, space

4. universe D calculate , fancy, imply, presuppose, propose

5. prevailing E current , present

6. actual F backbone , fortitude, nerve

7. origin G oppose, encounter

5. Ask the questions to receive the following answers:

1. The actual birth of science took place in prehistoric times, probably in Egypt and Babylonia, more than 2000 years before our era.

2. At the beginning of the sixteenth century the prevailing idea was that of an earth-centered universe, as described by Ptolomy.

3. To Archimedes we owe the first application of mathematics to the description of nature.

6. Поставити чотири типи питань (загальне, спеціальне, розділове, альтернативне) до одного й того ж речення.

Archimedes discovered some of the basic laws governing mechanisms and floating bodies.

Nature is knowable, that it operates according to "laws".

Science had its origin in some distant era.

IW #4.1 AUTOMATION TODAY AND TOMORROW

1. Read and translate the text in a written form.

"Within the 20-year period the comprehensive automation of production will be effected on a large scale, with more and more shops and plants being fully automated. The introduction of highly efficient automatic control systems will be accelerated. Cybernetics, computers, and control systems must be introduced on a large scale in industry, research, designing, planning, accounting, statistics and management".

Specialists in cybernetics are working on the development of self-learning machines capable of solving problems set by man.

These self-learning cybernetic systems can collect various data, analyze them and perform certain operations as a result of the analysis. What is more, they are able to produce qualitatively new information. For example, a cybernetic machine for chemists will not only give information on any specific problem but will indicate the way to develop some new substance, say a new plastic that would be cheap and durable.

A good numbers of these machines are already working in our industry, such as a cybernetic system for the iron and steel industry, an electronic system for geological prospecting a cybernetic designer, which designs gas pipelines and automatized the passing gas along these pipes.

Automation in our country has reached the stage of developing fully avtomatized industries. Electronic computing techniques find wide application in and serve as a basis for the development of modem programme-controlled machine tools, the controlling of spaceship flights, weather forecast and planning work.