- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
I. Derivation sound interchanges (always combined with suf –n);
–vowel gradation (inherited from PG and IE). Eg: rīdan – rād, singan – song;
–i-mutation: fōd – fēdan (food – feed);
breaking: beran – bearn (bear – born).
word stress: differentiate between words: parts of speech. Eg: ond swarian (v) – ond swaru (n);
prefixation (a productive way); Eg: gān – go; ā – gān – go away; be – gān – go round. Most productive – ā, be, for, ge, un.
suffixation (the most productive mean):
- suf of ‘agent nouns’ – some dead suf –s: -a (hunta); -end (fīend) > ere (IE) scōlere.
- suf of abstract nouns:
stem۸-t (dead):meaht(might)
-oþ,uþ (huntoþ - hunting)
-ung(ing(from verbs)
-suf.from root-morphemes:
dōm(meant judjment):wīsdom
hād(cīldhād - childhood)
ræ‾den
--adj-s: iз(modiз-proud)
isc(mennisc)
--adv.:lice(rotlice-cheerfully)
full(weorðfull)
II.Word-composition(highky productive)
noun+noun:
e.g.heāfod-mann(head-man,leader)
noun+adj.:
e.g.зōd-dæ‾d(good deed)
verb+noun
e.g.bæc-hūs(baking house)
formed with several methods:
e.g.un-wīs-dōm(fody)
un-negative pref.
wīs-adj-stem
dōm-noun-st.sturning into ۸
Nominal part of speech could be turned with the help of word-composition.
56.Italian loans in English.
Vast majority of words related to art,music and literature(the consequence of fact that Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance movement&of the revival of interest in art).In the 14th c. Italian words ducato,million,florin,pistol.Musical terms:aria,bass,concerto,piano,solo,sonata,soprano,tenor.Culture:balcony,design,fresco,gallery,studio,parapet.Literature:replica,sonnet.Many words in general use don’t differ fromEng.words in sounds or spelling&cannot be distinguished from native words without special study:medal,canteen,pilot.These borrowings were imported at an earlier date&have lost their foreign flavour.
54.Celtic loans in English.
Celtic borrowings – from the celtic inhabitans of Britain&Irish missionaries. They’re few: bin, down, Leeds, Thames, York.-comb(‘deepvalley’): Batcombe, Duncombe,-torr(high rock):Torr,Trcross,-llan(church):Llan dalf,-pill(creek) =100borrowings.
58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
1.namees of the poets are unknown(exc.Ceolmon and Cynewulf)
2.mainly3 subj-s:
-heroee(Beowulf)
-lyricalpoems(the Wanderer)
-religious poems(paraphrase the Bible)
3.number of syllables in a line is free;only the number of stressed syllables is fixed.
4.metaphorical phrases:e.g.heapu-swat
5.many synonyms:e.g.hero:rine,secj
OE poetic words went out of use.
Beowulf.
Heroic epic (7/8th).The oldest poem in Germanic literature. Built up of several songs arranged in 3 chapters.Based on old legends about the tribal life of the ancient teutons language – Late West Saxon.
57.,55.Borrowing in ne
Most of foreign words retained a foreign appearance:spelling,stress.
1.French:-diplomatic term – attaché
-social life:ball,notel
-art-essay
-fashion-blouse,dress
2.Italian-musical terms:aria,concerto
-culture:balcony,design
-literature:replica,sonnet
3.Spanish-polit.fields:armada,embargo
-food:banana,chocolate
4.Dutch:trade:pack,cruise
art-landscape
5.German:-science:cobalt
-phylosophy:transcendental
6.Russian-beluga,komsomol,vodka,samovar,sputnik.