- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
46. Negation in the history of English.
OE belong to lang. which can have more than one negation (polynegation). The main negator was NE, which was usually placed before the verb. As a result of this regular pre-verb position NE often fused with such verbs as: bēon, habban, willan, witan (знать).
ne + is = nis
ne + wat = hat (не знаю) ne + vowel or W or N
ne + wylle = nylle (не хочу)
OE: ne + verb
ME: V + not (nat)
not (nat) < ne + with (вещь)
‘-‘ + ‘-‘ = ‘+’. (Walles – grammarian)
(2 minuses make plus).
13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
Short: [ĭ, ĕ, æﬞ , ŭ, ŏ, ă] - ĭ, ŭ – high, ĕ, ŏ – mid,
æﬞ, ă – low.
Long: [ī, ē, æ‾, ū, ō, ā]
This system existed before breaking took place in the 5th cent. BREAKING is a process which led to the split of the short front vowels into diphthongs.
Early OE OE eg.
Before ll æﬞ → æa irre → iorre
L + other cons. æﬞ : → æa: ærm → earm
(arm)
n + other cons ĕ → eo melcan → meol-
kan (milk)
r+ other cons ĭ → ĭo before rr/hh
I-MUTATION it took place in all Germanic languages in VI – VIII cent, except Gothic. It is a case of regressive assimilation with –i- or semivowel ‘j’. Eg: kuning – cyning (король), fulljan – fūllan (fill – full). fōti – fōel (foot). We find traces of i-mutation in: foot – feet, goose – geese, blood – bleed. 4 new phonems appear y‾˘, œ‾˘.
Back mutation (o, u, a –umland) took place in the 8th cent. It influenced front short vowels → appearance of short diphthongs. Phonetically it’s regressive assimilation.
I → io Eg: hefon → heofon (heaven).
e → eo
æ → æα
40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
Numerals:
declined (1-3);
4 -19 – invariable if used as attributes to a subjunctive; 4 – 19 – declined, if used without substantive.
denoting tense have their Gen. in –es/-a, -ra. Dat. in –um.
the numeral ān is declined as a strong adj.
The word ‘both’ begen, pū, pā is declined in the same way as ‘twegen, tu, tuā’.
The ordinal numerals, with the exception of ōþer ‘2nd’ are declined as weak adj. This word is declined as a strong adj. ME cardinal numerals developed from OE.
41. The oe adverb and its further development.
OE adverbs:
primary – have not been derived from any other part of speech. Eg: þa (then); þær (there), oft (often), swā (so).
secondary – derived from other part of speech. Eg: hwīlum (sometimes).
Adverbs had degrees of comparison; the same suffixes as were used to build the degrees of compare of adjectives. Eg: wīde – wīdor – wīdost (widely).
Some adverbs form their degrees of compare. by means of mutation of the root vowel. Eg: well – betre – best (well);
In ME some adverbs derived from OE adv by means of adding the suffixes.
-e – bright – brighte;
-ly – special – specially.
Appeared phrase of the type more, most.
-LY in ME the only productive adverb forming suffix. Adv with –e- suffix lost –e- become understinguish. from adject. Eg: fast, loud.