- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
The OE noun had 4 cases:Nom.,Gen.,Dat.,Acc.
In most declansions 213 forms were homonymous. The OE had 2 categories:-number
-case(+gender)
1. Nom.c. can be defined as the case of active agent,it was the case of the subject. Mainly used with verbs denoting activity.
2. Gen.c. – case of nouns&pron. serving as an attr. to other nouns;
- meaning:possessive meaning, meaning of origin.
3. Dat.c. – used with prepositions (as an indirect personal obj.(to inform him)
- could convey an instrumental meaning(haild with stones)
4. Acc.c. – indicate the passive obj. of a state
- relationship to a verb.
51. French loans in English.
The contact between English and French was different;
The French was the language of upper classes. the English – common people (rude);
French belongs to the group of Romanic languages;
12 – 14th cent.
French influence was more marked in the South and South- East.
many synonyms. Eg: language (Fr) – tongue (Eng);
huge, large (Fr) – great (Eng);
the words are bookish.
48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
Native OE words can be subdivided into a number of etymological lagers coming from different historical periods the three main are:
common IE (names of natural phenomena, plants, animals, human body);
common Germanic (connected with nature, sea and everyday life);
borrowings from other languages.
The greatest borrowings – in English (70%);
The smallest – Icelandic. Why? (geography, history, economy, politics).
The vocabulary of all the lang. shows an obvious and strong influence.
English occupies a specific place among the Germanic lang for the reasons:
very conservative spelling;
it is highly advanced reduction in phonemes;
it’s highly developed analytical structure (continuous forms);
it’s high % of borrowed words (60 – 70%).
35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
Analytical forms developed within the ME period:
Future tense;
the passive voice;
perfect tense.
They developed from free syntactical combinations. The 1st was a verb with broad meaning, the 2nd non-future form.
Future tense: shall + inf – future action; willen + inf. Eg: wol ye maken assurance – will you make assurance.
The Passive Voice: ben + Past Part → analytical forms to express state action. Eg: the conseil that was accrded (the advice that was given). The wide use of pass. constr. in the 18th – 19th cent → high productively of the P.Voice.
Perfect forms: go down to 2 types of syntactical combination.
habbon (have)
bēon (be) → + Part II
Eg: Ic habbe þonne bēsc getengenne – я имел ту рыбку пойманной. The auxiliary ‘to have’ for perf forms was established in the 18th cent.