- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
The last of the invaders to come to Britain were the Normans from France. In 14 October 1066 Duke William of Normandy defeated the English at the battle of Hastings and established his rule in the country as King of England. He is known as William the Conqueror. They started a new period in England, which is known as Norman period. The Normans settled in the country and the French language became the official language of the ruling class. This explains the great number of French words in English (80%) – boots, pearl, beef, biscuit, home, sir, council, tax.
Originally they were also Germanic tribes, but having won the territory of France, they practicaly assimilated with the people of France and took its high culture and language.
French is the lang. of upper classes.
Many synonyms appeared: Eg: language (Fr) – tongue (Engl);
lange, huge (Fr) – great (Engl)
French effected all aspects of life:
Government and administration: eg.: nation, people.
Legislation: eg.: judge, court.
Military term: navy, war.
Literature and arts: music/
Education: ink, college.
Fashion: dress.
Trade, profession: tailor, grocer.
Religion: pray.
Cooking: roast, fry, boil.
Engl → ox – beef ← French
cow - veal
pig - pork
↓ ↓
anim. food
75% of words have survived in NE.
38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
In OE there were 2 non-finite forms of the verbs:
The inf had no verbal gr categories. Being a verbal noun by origine, it had a sort of reduced case-system. Like the Dat. – with ‘to’ could be used to indicate the direction/ purpose of an action.
The Part I was opposed to Part II through voice and tense distinction. Part I was formed from the Pres tense stem with the suffix –ende. Part II had stem of its own – in strong verb.
ME and NE:
The Inf lost its inflected form in early NE. The prep ‘to’ last its preposition force and changed into a formal sign of the Inf.
The distinction between 2 Part were preserved in ME and Ne. Part I had an active meaning and express a simultaneous action, Part II had a passive meaning and express a prior action.
the development of the Gerund.
8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
The formation of the national literary English covers the Early NE period.
Factors that influenced:
The unification of the country and the progress of the culture;
Increased foreign contacts influenced the grouth of the vocabulary.
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
Latin invention of printing → spreading of written form of English.
Early NE → Renaissance: Shakespeare, Thomas More. The end of the 17th cent. – books and dictionaries.
In the18th cent the speech of educated people differed from that of common people: 1) pronunciation; 2) choice of words; 3) grammar.
By the end of the 18th cent the speech may be regarded as completed for new , it possessed both a written and spoken standart.
The history of London dialect reveals the sources of literary language in late ME. The London dialect fundamentally East Saxon.
ME division → LD belonged to the S. Western dial. group.
12-13th S. West. districts – “Black Death” → new arrivals from the East Midland → London dialect became more Anglian.