- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
21. 22. The oe noun system.
The categories:
gender: m, f, n;
number: sg, pl.
case: Nom, Dat, Gen, Acc.
Strong declension: a, o, u, i-stems;
Weak declension: n-stem
The most numerous – a-stem. N-stem reflexes the IE style: EG: имя – имена, время – времена, племя, стремя, etc.
The main peculiarities of OE:
Nom and Acc were coinside;
Dat pl ended in ‘-um’;
Gen pl always had ‘-a’.
The root ‘-st’ (mutated stem) – traces of i-mutation: man + I = men; foot → feet; goose→ geese.
R-stem: feder, sweaster – express family relationships.
The Dat sg forms in them reflects mutation in the root.
The OE system of declension was based on a number of distinctions:
the stem suffixes;
the gender;
the phonetic structure, etc.
23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
In ME the muscul gender became the main. the gender lost its inflections. The OE Nom, Acc, Dat cases fell together into Common case.
The Gen used to denote possession → becomes possessive case.
In ME the pl usually take –es which is the continuation of OE –as.
Process of simplification:
changing in the structure of the word;
fluctuation of gender. Also the principle of analogy – ability of the language to adapt a less common form to a more widely used one. Eg: черное кофе.
Adj – an unchangeable part of speech (except for the degrees of comparison).
14.degrees of comparison in OE adjectives.
Positive,comparative&superlative-the degrees of comparison.Comparative&superlative degrees had suffixes –ra,-est(-ost).Some adj-s had parallel sets of forms:with&without a vowel interchange(soft-softra-softost-soft)
35.Root- stem declension
In early OE the root-vowel in some forms was subjected to phonetic changes,
if the grammatical changes contained the sound [i] the vowel was narrowed. After the ending was dropped the mutated vowel turned out to be the only marker of
the form. The interchange of root-vowels had turned into a regular means of form-
building used similarly with inlexions. This peculiarity of the root-stems is of
considerable consequence for later history & has left traces in ModE.
36.The rise of –do- forms.
In ME the verb -don- used to express a causative meaning. Do- in poetry. In the 16-17th cen-y the periphrases with –do used in all types of sentences. In 17th cent-y
-do was found in negative sente-s & questions, simple forms in affirmative. In the 18th the periphrases with do fell –it made the statement emphatic.-------done-anomal verb(gan,willan,can);появл с-ма времен(не только 2 вр)появл необх добавить что-то, чтобы сущ форма SPO-добавили done
37. The rise of the future forms
In OE there was no form of the future tense. In ME(after 12cent) the use of modal phrases:shall became common.- shall+ inf.- One of early instances of shall- with a weakened modal meaning is found in the early ME poem “ORMULUM”. In the
age of Shakespeare shall & will occurred in free variations.In 14&15th cent will increases its frequency&inNE it becomes another auxiliary for the future.Todays rules for shall/will depending on person were introduced in 17th cent(todays drop of shall-the tendency to simplification)