- •1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
- •1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
- •2/3. The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
- •4. Oe dialects. The role of the Wessex dialect.
- •5. The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •6. The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •38. 39. The non-finite fofms of the verb in oe and their futher development.
- •8. The formation of the national e language. The London dialect.
- •9. The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.
- •42. Major changes in the word formation in the me.
- •12. Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.
- •10. The old alphabets. Major written records.
- •11. Major spelling changes in me.
- •7.Me dialects. Major written records. Chaucer and his Canterbury tales.
- •46. Negation in the history of English.
- •13. The oe vowel system. Major changes during the oe period.
- •40. The oe numeral and its futher development.
- •41. The oe adverb and its further development.
- •47. Word order in the history of English.
- •43. Types of syntactical relations between words in the history of English.
- •44. The distinctive features of the oe syntax.
- •45. Meaning&use of cases in oe.
- •51. French loans in English.
- •48. Oe vocabulary and its etymological characteristics.
- •35. The rise of analytical forms in the verbal system in me.
- •49. 50. Major types of word formation in oe.
- •56.Italian loans in English.
- •54.Celtic loans in English.
- •58.Main peculiarities of oe poetry.Beowulf.
- •57.,55.Borrowing in ne
- •55.Latin loans in English.
- •52.Scandinavian loans in English.
- •32. The anomalous verbs in oe and their further development.
- •31.Preterite-present verbs in oe&their further development.
- •34.Changes in the verb conjucation in me&ne.
- •30.Weak verbs in oe&their further development.
- •19. The oe consonant system. Major consonant changes in the history of English.
- •14. Major vowel changes in me, monophthongs.
- •26. The oe personal pronouns and its futher development in me and ne.
- •28. The oe verb, its gram. Categories and morphological types.
- •16. Major vowel changes in ne.
- •29. Strong verbs in oe and their development.
- •24. The sources of ne plural forms of the noun.
- •27. The oe demonstrative pronouns. The rise of the articles in English.
- •21. 22. The oe noun system.
- •23. Changes in the noun system in me and ne.
- •35.Root- stem declension
- •36.The rise of –do- forms.
- •37. The rise of the future forms
1. Grimm’s and Verner’s laws.
Grimm’s law: The first Germanic consonant shifts took place in the V-II cent. BC. Jacobs Grimm’s Law. According to Grimm, he classified consonant correspondences between indoeuropean and germanic languages.
There are 3 acts of this law:
IE plosive (stops) p, t, k correspond to G voiceless fricatives f, Ө, h. Eg: пламя – flame, пена – foam, колода – holt.
IE voiced plosives b, d, g, →G voiceless fricatives p, t, k. Eg: бассейн - pool, дерево – free, иго – yoke.
IE aspirated voiced plosives bh, dh, gh →to voiced plosives without aspiration. Eg: bhrāta – brother, rudhira – red, ghostis – guest.
The second consonant shift was Carl Verner’s law. According C.Verner all the common germanic consonants became voiced in intervocalic position if the preceding vowel was unstressed.
p-f > v septem
t-Ө > đ, d сто – hund (OE)
k-x > j, g
s-s > z/r auris – ēare
Devoicing took place in early common germanic when the stress was not yet fixed on the root.
A variety of Verner’s law is rhotacism (greek letter rho). [s] →[z]→[r] we find traces of this phenomenon in form of the verb to be →was – were, is – are; ist – sind – war.
II consonant shift occurd in dialects of sothern germanic. Eg: еда – eat – essen, вода – water – wasser, hope – hoffen, bed – bett.
Ch (G) → C (OE) : reich – ricostan.
1. The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
OLD GERMANIC:
East-germanic
Gothic
Vandalic
Burgudean
North-germanic
O. Norwegian
O. Danish
O. Swedish
O. Icelandic
West-germanic
High germanic
Anglo-Saxon
Franconic
Old English
Old Dutch
Gothic is extremely important as The Gothic Gostel is considered to be the first written text connected with Germanic languages and other European languages.
The first group is dead, but vandalic had similar features with Spain and burgudean with French.
The second group (north-germanic) – was not until the 10th cent, it was called “old Norse” (древне северный). After the 10th cent. North split into O. Norwegian, O. Danish, O. Swedish, O. Icelandic. Historically the most important is O. Icelandic:
it had the largest body of written records, dated back to 12-13 cent. (the Elder Edda, the Younger Edda, numerous sagas).
Icelandic had retained a more archaic grammar and vocabulary than many other G. Lang.
The third group (west-germanic) consists of 5 members:
O.English → Mid. English → Mod. English.
O. Frisian → Frisian.
O. Saxon → Low G. dialects (Wothern)
O. Low Franconian → M. Dutch: Netherlandish, Africans.
O. High German → Middle High German → Mod. German (Yiddish).
Principal features:
Old German languages show differences in comparison with other European Lang on 3 main linguistic levels: grammatical, phonetic and lexical.
Grammatical level – the most important innovation in G. was the emergence of the new types of verbs – “weak”, past tense with the dental suffix –d-: open – opened, work – worked.
Phonetic peculiarities – 1) accent (word stress) in IE was free and musical; in protogerm. Accent become fixed on the root syllable and dynamic, 2) Grimm’s law.
2. Numerals: cardinal and ordinal numerals from 1 to 3 are declined from 4 – 19 are usually invariable if they used as attribute to a substantive. Numerals denoting tens have their genitive in –es- or in –a-, -ra-, Dative in –un-.
The numeral ān is declined as a strong adj.
muscul. “twegen” neut tū, twā, fem. twā.
the word “both” begen, bū is declined in the same way as twegen, tū.
The ordinal numerals, with the exeption of ōÞer “2-nd” are declined as weak adjectives.
ōÞer “2-nd” is declined as a strong adj.
ME cardinal numerals developed from OE.