Inversion word order
IRREGULAR VERB неправильный глагол A verb which exhibits certain forms which do not coincide with a particular paradigm considered as the norm for that type, e.g. sing - sang - sung.
IRREGULAR PLURAL нестандартная форма множественного числа А plural form which does not conform to the majority of nouns forming the plural by adding ‘-s’ e.g. men, oxen, phenomena.
ITEM (n) единица A linguistic form which can be isolated and quoted as part of a list.
L
LINK (n) глагол-связка A verb such as ‘be, seem, become, look’, etc which relates the subject to the predicative, e.g. He is a teacher; It got worse and worse. Alternative term: copula, link(ing) verb.
M
MARKER (n) знак, показатель A special feature of a linguistic unit which indicates its class and function, e.g. the -s marker may indicate plurality.
MASCULINE ['mxskjulin] (adj) мужской (род) Of the gender to which names of males normally belong, e.g. his.
MEMBER OF THE SENTENCE = PART OF THE SENTENCE
MIXED (adj) смешанный Having characteristics of more than one type.
MODAL ['moudl] (adj) модальный Expressing a speaker’s attitude to what he is saying.
MODAL VERB модальный глагол A semi-notional verb used to express modality such as optative, obligative, etc. e.g. can, dare, may.
MODAL WORD модальное слово An independent element used to express modality, often homonymous with a ‘-ly’ adverb, e.g. practically, certainly, maybe.
MODALITY [mou'dxliti] (n) модальность The way in which a speaker can express his attitude towards a situation in interpersonal communication, usually realised by modal verbs and modal words.
MODIFIER ['modifaiq] (n) модификатор, определение An adjunct which limits or qualifies a head word, e.g. the four tall boys; to cry bitterly.
M
ODIFY
['mOdifai]
(v) модифицировать,
определять
То
be used as
a
modifier.
MONOSYLLABIC (n) односложное слово A word of one syllable, e.g. hot.
MOOD (n) наклонение A grammatical category of the verb which expresses a speaker’s attitude to what he is saying. The indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods are distinguished.
MORPHEME ['mLfJm] (n) морфема A minimum distinctive unit of grammar, e.g. in ‘cats’ ‘cat’ is a root morpheme and ‘s’ represents a plural morpheme.
MORPHOLOGY [mL'fOlqGi] (n) морфология A branch of grammar concerned with the study and analysis of the structure, forms and classes of words.
MULTIPLE CLAUSE STRUCTURE многоступенчатая сложноподчиненная структура A complex sentence with consecutive subordination, e.g. We cancelled our plans to go out, because it looked as though it might snow.
MULTITUDE ['mAltitjHd] NOUN существительное множественности A subclass of collective nouns denoting a great number of people or animals gathered together, e.g. people, cattle.
MUTATED [mjH'teitid] PLURAL умляутированная форма множественного числа A plural formed by vowel change, e.g. men, geese.
N
NEUTER ['njHtq] (adj) средний (род) Neither masculine nor feminine, e.g. it.
NOMINAL ['nOminql] (adj) Of a noun or nouns.
NOMINATIVE ['nOminqtiv] (n) именительный A case form usually indicating that the noun in question is functioning as the subject of a sentence. It is usually considered the first case and is the form which appears in dictionaries.
NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE = ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION
NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION FREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION
NOMINATIVE WITH THE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION
NON-ANAPHORIC (adj) неанафорический Having no reference back to an antecedent.
NON-COUNT NOUN UNCOUNT(ABLE) NOUN
NON-DEFINING = NON-RESTRICTIVE
NON-FINITE VERB FORM неличная форма глагола A form of the verb which is not limited by person, number or primary tense, e.g. participle, gerund, infinitive. Alternative term: verbal.
NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE неограничительное придаточное An attributive clause which gives additional information about some element in the sentence but which is not essential to the general meaning of the sentence, e.g. Mr Smth. who used to be my teacher, is coming tomorrow. Non-restrictive clauses are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by means of commas.
NOTIONAL WORD знаменательное слово A word which has a full lexical meaning of its own, e.g. nouns, verbs, as opposed to a form word.
NOUN (n) существительное A part of speech denoting or naming a person, thing or concept, e.g. man; door; fact.
ABSTRACT NOUN абстрактное, отвлеченное существительное A noun referring to a non-material concept, e.g. happiness, as opposed to a concrete noun.
COLLECTIVE NOUN собирательное существительное A noun which refers to a group of persons, things or ideas, e.g. family, crockery, tidings.
COMMON NOUN имя нарицательное A noun designating a general class of objects or objects rather than an individual or personal name, e.g. chair, idea, as opposed to a proper noun.
CONCRETE ['kLNkrJt] NOUN конкретное существительное A noun referring to a material object, e.g. table, animal.
COUNT(ABLE) NOUN исчисляемое существительное A noun that can be used both in the singular and plural, e.g. book, remark.
FACTIVE NOUN фактивное существительное An abstract noun capable of functioning as antecedent of an appositive attributive clause, e.g. idea, reply, fact.
PROPER NOUN имя собственное The name of an individual person, place or object, e.g. Mary, London, as opposed to a common noun.
NUMERAL (n) числительное A word denoting a number or quantity.
CARDINAL NUMERAL количественное числительное A numeral answering the question ‘How many?’, e.g. one, hundred. Alternative term: number.
ORDINAL NUMERAL порядковое числительное A numeral indicating the order in a sequence, e.g. first, fifty second.
O
OBJECT (n) дополнение Any complement excluding the one functioning as a predicative, e.g. I’ll do it for you.
DIRECT OBJECT DIRECT
INDIRECT OBJECT косвенное дополнение An object denoting the person or thing for whom or on whose behalf an action is carried out, e.g. He gave me the book.
OBJECTIVE [qb'Gektiv] case объектный падеж An oblique case form of personal and some other classes of pronouns, e.g. me, whom, as opposed to the Nominative case, e.g. I, who.
OBJECTIVE INFINITIVAL CONSTRUCTION объектная инфинитивная конструкция A complex object whose second component is expressed by an infinitive, e.g. I saw him cross the street. Alternative term: Accusative with an infinitive.
OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION объектная причастная конструкция A complex object whose second component is expressed by a participle, e.g. I saw him crossing the street. Alternative term: Accusative with a participle.
OBJECTIVE PREDICATIVE COMPLEMENT OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
OBJECTIVE VERB объектный глагол A verb which requires one or two objects, e.g. I know her well; It depends on you.
ONE-MEMBER SENTENCE односоставное предложение A sentence comprising one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate, e.g. Silence. Then a knock.
ONE-MEMBER INFINITIVE SENTENCE односоставное инфинитивное предложение A one-member sentence whose main part is expressed by an infinitive or infinitive phrase, e.g. To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price.
P
PARENTHESIS [pq'renTisis] (n) (pl PARENTHESES [pq'renTisJz]) парентеза, вводный член A word, phrase or clause inserted into a sentence modifying a particular part of the sentence without adding to or changing its basic structure, e.g. Fortunately, he was out.
PARENTHETICAL ["pxrqn'Tetikql] (adj) вводный Functioning as a parenthesis.
PART OF SPEECH часть речи A lexico-grammatical word class (the noun, the verb, etc).
PART OF THE SENTENCE член предложения A constituent of a sentence, e.g. a subject, a predicate, a complement, etc.
PARTICIPIAL ["pRti'sipjql] (adj) причастный Referring to a participle.
PARTICIPLE ['pRtsipl] (n) причастие A non-finite form of the verb which has certain characteristics of a verb and adjective (participle I, participle II).
PARTICLE (n) частица An invariable part of speech used for specification and emphasis, e.g. even, too.
PASSIVE VOICE
PATTERN (n) модель A systematic arrangement of elements according to the regularities found in the language.
PERFECT (n) перфект A secondary tense form of the verb expressed by the auxiliary ‘have’ + participle II of the main verb denoting an action prior of the moment of speaking or to the time of another action, e.g. has written, had tried.
PERSON (n) лицо A grammatical category relating interlocutors one to another (the 1st person denotes the speaker, the 2nd person the listener, the 3rd person people or things other than the speaker or listener).
PERSONAL PRONOUN личное местоимение A pronoun referring to one of the categories of person such as ‘I, he, she, they’ etc as well as their inflected forms ‘me, him, her, them’, etc.
PHRASAL VERB фразовый глагол A verb forming a combination with a postposition, e.g. get up, catch on.
PHRASE (n) словосочетание A grammatical unit consisting of one or more words which is higher in rank than word and of lower rank than clause, e.g. very well, a good book, him cross.
PLURAL (n) множественное число Number, referring to more than one.
POLYSYLLABIC ['pOlisi'lxbik] (n) многосложное слово A word consisting of more than one syllable, e.g. popular.
POSSESSIVE CASE GENITIVE CASE
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN притяжательное местоимение A pronoun indicating possession. There are two forms of possessive pronouns: conjoint, e.g. my, your, and absolute, e.g. mine, yours.