Count(able) noun  noun

D

Declarative sentence  sentence

DEFECTIVE VERB недостаточный глагол A verb which does not possess all the forms typical of its class, e.g. the verbs ‘must’ and ‘ought’ have no past tense forms.

DEFINING [di'fainiN] CLAUSE идентифицирующее придаточное  RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE

DEGREE OF COMPARISON степень сравнения A grammatical form of  comparison.

• POSITIVE ['pOzqtiv] DEGREE положительная степень The statement of a quality or quantity but implying no comparison; the basic form of the adjective or adverb as listed in a dictionary, e.g. sad, glad.

• COMPARATIVE [kqm'pxrqtiv] DEGREE сравнительная степень A form expressing a higher degree of a particular quality or quantity in relation to a reference point, e.g. a hotter day than yesterday.

• SUPERLATIVE [sju'pWlqtiv] DEGREE превосходная степень A form expressing the highest degree of a quality or quantity, e.g. (the) quickest, (the) most numerous.

DEGREE WORD слово, выражающее степень A word which modifies the meaning of a particular word in the sentence, e.g. I’m very hungry; I agree with you absolutely.

DEMONSTRATIVE [di'mOnstrqtiv] (n) указательное местоимение A word used to point out or indicate persons or things specifically, e.g. this (these), that (those), same, such.

DEPENDENT APPENDIX [q'pendiks] аппендикс A verbless clause consisting of (1) the conjunction ‘than’ and a noun phrase following the comparative of an adjective or adverb, e.g. She is better than you: (2) the conjunction ‘as’ and an adjective, noun, pronoun or adverb following the adverb ‘as’, e.g. Will he be as good as his word?

DEPENDENT CLAUSE  SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

DERIVED [di'raivd] SENTENCE производное предложение A result of transformation, e.g. They gave Jackson a package  They gave a package to Jackson. Alternative term: a transform.

DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTE  ATTRIBUTE

DETACHED [di'txCt] SENTENCE PART обособленный член предложения An  adjunct characterized by some degree of independence from its  head word, e.g. Carefully, he signed his name.

DEFINITE ARTICLE  ARTICLE

DETERMINER [di'tWminq] (n) детерминатив, определитель A word that determines or limits a noun in various ways, e.g. by making it definite (the boy), indefinite (a boy) or by indicating quantity (much food). Determiners comprise  articles, the  demonstratives ‘this’ and ‘that’,  possessive pronouns in the  conjoint form and the indefinite pronouns ‘some, any, no, each, either, neither, much’

DIRECT OBJECT прямое дополнение An  object without a preposition denoting the person or thing which suffers the action of the verb in the sentence, e.g. She is washing the dishes now.

DIRECT SPEECH прямая речь A quotation of actual speech as opposed to  indirect speech.

DISJUNCTIVE [dis'jANktiv] (adj) разделительный Implying a contrast or disassociation.

• DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION разделительный союз A  coordinating conjunction offering some choice between one statement and another, e.g. or, either ... or.

DISYLLABIC ['disi'lxbik] (n) двусложное слово A word consisting of two syllables, e.g. polite, common.

DOUBLE COMPARATIVE  COMPARATIVE

DOUBLE PREDICATE двойное сказуемое A crossing of a verbal and nominal predicate, e.g. The moon rose red = The moon rose. The moon was red.

DOUBLET ['dAblIt] дублет A pair of items in a language which are similar in origin, form and meaning, e.g. older - elder; farther - further.

DRAMATIC PRESENT историческое настоящее время (1) The use of the present tense forms of verbs in stage directions; (2) The use of the present tense forms of verbs to narrate events which occurred in the past, often to give a sense of immediacy or urgency. Alternative term: historic(al) present.

ELATIVE [I'leitiv] (n) элатив The use of the adverb 'most' before an adjective to convey a very high degree of quality without implying comparison with any particular object, e.g. He was a most capable doctor.

ELLIPSIS [I'lipsis] (n) эллипсис The process or result of omitting some part of a word or sentence.

ELLIPTICAL [I'liptikql] (adj) эллиптический Referring to  ellipsis. Alternative term: incomplete.

EMPHASIS ['emfqsis] (n) эмфаза, выделение Laying special stress on a word to indicate that it has special importance in a sentence.

EMPHASIZE ['emfqsaiz] (v) выделять То lay  emphasis on.

ENCLOSURE [In'klouZq] (n) замыкание A way of connection consisting in framing up subordinate elements, e.g. our new acquaintance.

ENDING  INFLECTION

EXCLAMATION [eksklq'meiSqn] (n) восклицание A sentence conveying intensity of emotion, e.g. Good heavens!

EXCLAMATORY [eks'klxmqtqri] (adj) восклицательный Containing an exclamation.

EXISTENTIAL ["egzis'tenSql] SENTENCE экзистенциальное, бытийное предложение A sentence which expresses or denies the existence of something, e.g. There is (no) chair in this room.

EXPLICIT [iks'plisit] (adj) эксплицитный, явно выраженный Outspoken, e.g. In ‘If it were not for you we should not have finished in time’ the condition is explicit. Cf.  implicit.

F

FACTIVE NOUN  NOUN

FACTUAL MEANING значение, основанное на фактах A meaning based on fact.

FEMININE ['femInIn] (adj) женский (род) Having the  gender proper to women’s names.

FINITE ['fainait] FORM личная форма A form which can be used as predicate, e.g. Yesterday he went fishing.

FINITE ['fainait]CLAUSE придаточное с личной формой глагола A clause containing a  finite verb.

FIXED WORD ORDER  W0RD ORDER

‘FOR’ CONSTRUCTION конструкция с предлогом for A predicative  construction introduced by the preposition ‘for’, e.g. It’s time for us to go.

FORM (n) форма The shape or appearance of a linguistic unit.

FORM WORD служебное слово A word which does not carry a full lexical meaning, but rather a grammatical or functional significance. Alternative terms: function word, structural word.

FUNCTION (n) функция The role played by an element within a sentence and its structural relationship to other elements.

• STRUCTURAL FUNCTION служебная функция The function of a  structural word.

FUNCTION WORD  F0RM WORD

FUTURE TENSE  TENSE

G

GENDER ['Gendq] (n) род A grammatical  category reflecting the classification of objects roughly corresponding to the two sexes & sexlessness ( masculine,  feminine &  neuter). Gender in English applies strictly only to certain pronouns, e.g. It affects the form of the 3rd person singular of the personal pronouns.

GENERIC [Gi'nerik] FUNCTION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE родовая (обобщающая) функция определенного артикля The function of the definite article enabling the noun to denote a whole range of members of a given class, e.g. The whale is a mammal not a fish.