Subordinate clause  clause

SUBORDINATION [sq"bLdi'neiSqn] (n) подчинение (1) A syntactic relation between the  head word and its  adjunct; (2) The linking of the units, one of which is  subordinated to the other. Phrasal subordination realizes itself through  agreement,  government,  adjoinment  and  enclosure. Clausal subordination is observed in  complex sentences.

• CONSECUTIVE [kqn'sekjutiv] SUBORDINATION последовательное подчинение An arrangement of subordinate clauses in which each clause is subordinate to the preceding one, e.g. The party was held in a large room which was already crowded when he entered.

SUBORDINATOR = SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION/ CONJUNCTIVE WORD SUBSTANTIVIZED ['sAbstqntivaizd] (adj) субстантивированный Assuming the properties of a noun.

• FULLY SUBSTANTIVIZED WORD полностью субстантивированное слово A word which has assumed all the noun properties, e.g. ‘a relative, periodicals’ are fully substantivized adjectives.

• PARTIALLY ['pRSqli] SUBSTANTIVIZED WORD частично субстантивированное слово A word which has not assumed all the properties of a noun, e.g. ‘the young, the unemployed’ are partially substantivized words.

SUBSTITUTE ['sAbstitjHt] (n) субститут A word or phrase used instead of another word or phrase. Substitutes are subdivided into  replacers and  representers.

SUBSTITUTION ["sAbsti'tjHSqn] (n) субституция The process or result of replacing a linguistic item within a larger unit by a  substitute.

SUFFIX ['sAfiks] (n) суффикс А  morpheme following the  root, e.g. ‘ness’ in ‘kindness’.

SYNDETIC [sin'detik] CONNECTION союзная связь A connection of sentence parts and clauses by means of  connectors.

Superlative  degree of comparison

SUPPLETIVE ['sAplitiv] FORM супплетивная форма А  synthetical form which makes use of different stems, e.g. good - better - best.

SYNTACTIC(AL) (adj) синтаксический Referring to the relationship between sentence constituents.

SYNTAX ['sintxks] (n) синтаксис That branch of grammar which is concerned with the study of the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences.

SYNTHETICAL[sin'Tetikql] FORM синтетическая форма A one word form (e.g. writes, went), as opposed to an  analytical form.

T

TAG QUESTION = DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION

TEMPORAL CLAUSE = ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

TENSE (n) время A grammatical category of the verb expressing by means of grammatical contrasts the time relationship of the action referred to in the sentence and the time of utterance. Three  primary tenses are distinguished.

• FUTURE TENSE будущее время A tense form of a verb formed with the auxiliaries ‘shall’ and ‘will’ referring to an action which will take place at some future point in time, e.g. He will go.

• PAST TENSE прошедшее время A tense form of a verb referring to an action which took place prior to the time of the utterance, e.g. He went away.

• PRESENT TENSE настоящее время A tense form of a verb referring to an action which is contemporaneous with the utterance, e.g. Men walk; Birds fly.

TIME CLAUSE = ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

TIME INDICATOR показатель времени A word or phrase indicating time, e.g. yesterday; at five o’clock.

TRANSITIVE ['trxnsitiv] VERB переходный глагол A verb used with a  direct object, e.g. The boy kicks the ball.

TWO-MEMBER SENTENCE двусоставное предложение A sentence comprising both  principal parts.

U

UTTERANCE (n) высказывание Stretch of speech between two periods of silence or potential silence, usually marked at the end by a rising or falling intonation.

V

VERB (n) глагол A part of speech which may function as  predicate in a sentence, e.g. He is coming.

• DYNAMIC [dai'nxmik] VERB динамический глагол A verb expressing an action, e.g. walk, read. Alternative term: action verb.

• REGULAR VERB правильный глагол A verb which has an ‘-ed’ inflection in the past tense form and participle II, e.g. add - added - added; help - helped - helped.

• STATIC ['stxtik] VERB статический глагол A verb which does not express an action, e.g. know, contain.

VERBAL (n) = NON-FINITE VERB FORM

VERBLESS CLAUSE безглагольное предложение A clause containing no verb element but functioning like a  finite clause, e.g. If in doubt, ask me.

VOICE (n) залог A grammatical category of the verb indicating certain relationship between the subject and object of a verb

• ACTIVE VOICE действительный залог A verb form indicating that the subject of the verb carries out some activity or process, e.g. They gave him a book.

• PASSIVE VOICE страдательный залог A verb form Indicating that the subject of the verb is the goal or sufferer of the action expressed by the verb, e.g. He was given a book.

W

WORD GROUP = PHRASE

WORD ORDER порядок слов The placing of words in a sentence in a sequence according to the conventions of a given language.

• FIXED WORD ORDER фиксированный порядок слов Word order which is used to indicate grammatical relationship and which cannot be changed without altering or destroying the meaning of the sentence.

• FREE WORD ORDER свободный порядок слов Word order which, although not completely free in the literal sense, is not used to signal grammatical relationship.

• INVERTED WORD ORDER обратный порядок слов An arrangement of words within a sentence that is different from the normal declarative pattern, e.g. The subject occurring after an auxiliary verb to produce an  interrogative sentence: ‘Do I?’, Alternative term: Inversion.

ZERO (n) нуль The meaningful absence of a linguistic element.

• ZERO ARTICLE нулевой артикль The meaningful absence of the article, e.g. Dinner is ready; Were you in town?

• ZERO PLURAL нулевая форма множественного числа A plural form identical with the singular, e.g. sheep, aircraft.