2.D. The Structural Classification of the Sentence

English sentences fall into simple and composite sentences. According to the presence/or absence/ of the subject-predicate group, simple sentences may be:

1. One-member sentences, which have neither subjects nor predicates. There is only one element in the unextended one-member sentence /Night. Reading./ or the main element in the extended one-member sentence /Late night. Reading aloud./

2. Two-member sentences. They contain one subject-predicate group, which:

• may be fully expressed in the complete sentence /He has come./

• or may be partially or fully left out in incomplete /elliptical/ sentences:

Has he come? – Yes, he has. /=Yes, he has come./

When did you see him? – Yesterday. /= I saw him yesterday/.

Composite sentences have more than one subject-predicate group: I speak English, he speaks Italian. I know where he lives.

According to the peculiarity of clauses, composite sentences fall into:

1. compound sentences, in which the clauses are of the equal rank/: I am from Zhytomyr, he is from London.

2. complex sentences, in which the clauses are of different ranks /one of them is the principal clause the rest of them are subordinate clauses/. According to the type of subordinate clauses, the complex sentences fall into:

• complex sentences with the subordinate subject clause: What I want is a pen.

• complex sentences with the subordinate predicative clause: He looks as if he knew it.

• complex sentences with the subordinate object clause: I know that he is from Italy.

• complex sentences with the subordinate attributive clause: This is the house that Jack built.

• complex sentences with the subordinate adverbial clauses of time /place, condition, reason, etc/: When he came, he took off his jacket.

3. The Semantic Aspect of the Sentence.

3.a. Predication 1.

Unlike a word, which denotes an object of objective reality, the sentence denotes an objective situation. Thus, the basis of the sentence expresses the relation of the meaning of the sentence to objective reality. This relation is known as Predication 1.

The grammatical means of expressing predication are:

• the grammatical category of tense. /Actions take place either in the past, or un the present, or in the future: He has a car. He had a car then. He will have a car soon./;

• the grammatical category of person /The sentence correlates the action with one of three persons //am in London. You are in London. He is in London./;

• the grammatical category of modality.

• Modality may belong to two modality planes:

• The main modality plane, which is expressed by mood-forms of the verb-predicate that represent the situation as real or unreal. It is objective modality and it is found in all sentences. E.g.: : He speaks Italian. "Speaks" is the Indicative Mood, it shows a real present action.

• The modality of the second level isn't found in all sentences. It is subjective modality, which may be expressed, for example, by modal words or phrases /perhaps, really, certainly, etc/ or notional lexemes /probability/.

3.b. Predication 2.

The second understanding of predication in known as Predication 2. Its meaning deals with the process of reflexion of objective reality.

First, an objective situation is reflected by our thought and after that it is expressed by a sentence. Our thought reflects the situation in the form of logical proposition /судження/, which has the structure of the logical subject and the logical predicate /логічний суб'єкт – логічний предикат/:

LOGICAL PROPOSITION: Log S – Log P.

The logical subject and the logical predicate present themselves in the sentence through the actual division, i.e. theme-rheme division /актуальне членування речення, тема-рематичне членування речення/. And the link between the logical subject and logical predicate reveals itself through predication. It is Predication 2.

LOGICAL PROPOSITION = Log S – Log P	is denoted by a SENTENCE
Log S – Log P	reveal themselves in the sentence through THEME-RHEME division /the actual division/ of the sentence
The link between Log S — Log P	reveals itself in the sentence through PREDICATION

The theme is the basis of the sentence, what is known or can be easily understood in the given situation. The rheme is the nucleus of the sentence, what the speaker says about the basis of the sentence. Usually the theme is expressed by the subject-group, the theme is expressed by the predicate-group:

Theme Rheme

Ann gave a pen to Lena.

Questions for control

1. What is the purpose of the constructive analysis of sentences?

2. What is the purpose of the constructive analysis of sentences

3. What types of syntactic processes do you know?

4. What is the structural classification of sentences?

5. What is Predication 1?

6. What is Predication 2?