5. The Preposition

The lexico-grammatical meaning of the preposition is „relation" (of substances). E.g.: The book in the bag, the book under the bag, the book on the bag, the book near the bag. In these phrases the prepositions (in, under, on, near) show the relations of one noun to anoter, which reflects the relations of the corresponding substances in the world of reality.

Many prepositions are homonymous with adverbs (about, before, below, down, since), conjunctions (before, since) participles (regarding, comcerning). T he preposition has different types of stems:

• simple: at, in, of, by, with, for;

• derived: below, beside, along;

• compound: inside, within, into, throughout

• composite: instead of, in accordance with, in front of.

The preposition combines with:

• a right-hand noun (or noun-equivalent): in the city, about them;

• a left-hand word nelonging to almost any part of speech: insist on, happy about, chance of.

The preposition fuctions as a linking word.

6. The Conjunction

The lexico-grammatical meaning of conjunctions is „relations between substances, actions, properties, situations, etc: pens and pencils; came in and sat down; pretty and well-bred; I live in Zhytomyr and he lives in Kyiv.

As regards the nature of the relations they serve to express conjunctions are usually divided into two subclasses: coordinatimg / укр. сурядні (and, or, both...and, etc) and subordinating / укр. підрядні (if, that, as soon as, etc) conjunctions The former connect syntactical units which are equal in rank and perform the same functions The latter are used to show the dependence of one unit on another.

According to their meanings coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

• copulative / укр. єднальні and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as, etc) denoting addition, combination, interdependence;

• adversative (but, still, yet,) denoting contradiction;

• disjunctive (or, either.. or) denoting separation, choice.

The conjunction has different types of stems:

• simple: and, but, or, that, till);

• derived until, unless, because;

• compound: although, whereas;

• composite: as if, in order that, as soon as, either...or, neither...nor.

Conjunctions connect two similar units.

Coordinating conjunctions connect words (green and white), phrases (interesting but expensive), clauses (Either you will leave the house or I'll call the police).

Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses with the main clauses in complex sentences. There is a small group of conjunctions (that, if, whether) which introduce the subordinate subject, object, predicative, and appositive clauses. Most subordinate conjunctions introduce adverbial clauses of time, place, condition, purpose, result, cause, condition, comparison, etc.

The conjunction functions as a linking words.

7. The Article.

English nouns are accompanied by the definite article /the/ or the indefinite article /a ,an/ or may not be accompanied by any article.

It has been a long debated question how to interpret the article. The two main views of the article are:

• The article is a form element in the system of the noun. It is thus a kind of morpheme, or if a word, an auxiliary word of the same kind as the auxiliary verbs. In this case "article + noun" is a morphological formation similar to the formation "auxiliary verb + infinitive or participle", which is an analytical form of the verb. The linguists sharing this point of view use the term " zero article" to determine the absence of article before nouns: the idea of a zero article takes its origin in the notion of" zero morpheme".

• The article is a word of a function part of speech, interpreting "article+noun" as a collocation of a specific nature. We stick to this point of view. Though the article is really used to determine nouns /is a morphological marker of nouns/, the collocation "article + noun" is different from an analytical form of a verb. Pronouns may substitute for articles. E.g.: the demonstrative pronouns "this, that" substitute for the definite article; the indefinite pronoun "some" substitute for the indefinite article.

The syntactic function of the article is to show the beginning of an attributive phrase: the green trees, the dark green trees.

The main semantic feature of an article is to correlate the notion of an object with the reality, which is reflected in this particular text The indefinite article introduces something new: I have a brother. The definite article identifies the objects, which are known to the reader/listener: He has a book. The book is interesting.