• the subject: To read books is important. Reading books is important.

• the object: I want to go home. 1 suggest calling them.

• the attribute; 1 have a book to read. I like your way of dancing. I see a house built last century. I came up to the students reading a book.

• adverbial modifiers: I came to help you. After cooking dinner, my mother went to the cinema. Having bought a new car, they went to the Crimea.

• 2. Words of "the category of state” /Adlinks

Notional words signifying states and specifically used as predicatives were first identified as a separate part of speech in the Russian language by L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov. The two scholars called the newly identified part of speech "the category of state".

On the analogy of the Russian "category of state", the English a-words of the corresponding meanings were analyzed and given the part-of-speech heading "category of state". This analysis was first conducted by B.A. Ilyish and later continued by other linguists.

The lexico-grammatical meaning of the words of the category of state is "state". He is asleep. /=He is in a state of sleep./

They are made up with the help of the prefix "a-": afraid, adrift.

The words of this class combine with link-verbs: He is alive. He fell asleep

Their main syntactical function is that of the predicative: He had been ashamed and afraid (Abrahams)

3. Modal Words (Modals)

The lexico-grammatical meaning of modals is „modality". They indicate whether the speaker is sure that the contents of his utternce correspond to reality, or he doubts it, or he regards it as something possible, probable, desirable, etc. Accordingly, modal words can be divided into several groups:

• those, which denote various shades of certainty: certainly, surely, of course, no doubt, undoubtedly, indeed, really, etc.;

• those, which denote various degrees of probability: maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably, etc.

• those, which denote various shades of desirability (undersirability): happily, luckily, fortunately, unhappily, etc.

They have relatively negative combinability. It means that:

• they seldom function as head-words to some adjuncts (dependent elements):

• E.g. ... whom most probably they were compelled to respect (Dreiser);

• they almost never used as adjuncts to some head words;

• very often they make response sentences:

„Are you paying room-rent where you are?"

„Certainly ", answered Carry (Dreiser).

Modal words function as:

• a parenthetical element of a sentence referring usually to the whole sentence (Perhaps, I shall do it.) or sometimes to a part of the sentence only (We lived in Kyiv for maybe three years);

• a response sentence (word-sentences): Will you come? - Of course.

4. The Interjection

The lexico-grammatical meaning. The interjection expresses emotions or will without naming them.

Semantically interjections are usually divided into two groups:

• emotional: Oh! Bless me!

• imperative: Hush! Come!

The interjection has no stem building elements of its own. Some interjections are homonymous with other words: Why? Well! Here! There! Come! Dear! Fiddlesticks! Others are not: Hey! Hallo! Ah! Hurrah! Alas!

Intrjections may have diferent types of stems:

• simple: hallo! Come! Dear!

• derived: Goodness;

• compound: fiddlesticks!

• composite: Hang it! Dear me!

The interjection has no grammatical categories, practically negative combinability and functions as a sentenc word or as a parenthetical element.