21. Northern Ireland – Early History

• St.Patrick was a Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary patron saint of the island along with Saints Brigid and Columba.

• Vikings:

  • 795 – Vikings looted the island

  • Established settlements along the coast

  • Fortress – Dublun

  • Battle of Clontarf 1014

  • Decline of Viking power

  • Important economic centres

• Normans:

  • 1167 – the 1^st Norman knight landed in Ireland

  • 1171 – Henry II – the 1^st English king in Ireland

  • King John – Lordship of Ireland

• Tudor times:

  • 1494 – all new lands must be approved by the English Parliament

  • 1534 – revolt by Thomas Kildare

  • [offered lordship to the Pope]

  • Rejected Reformation

  • 1541 – Henry VIII accepted as a king

  • Elizabeth I – attempts to ‘plant’ English settlers

  • Crops to feed garrisons

• Rebels:

  • 1566-67 – Shane O’Neil in Ulster

  • 1571 – ban on traditional clothes in Munster

  • 1579-80 – James Fitzgerald in Munster

  • 1584 – English settlers in Ulster

  • 1594 – Hugh O’Neil – rebel in Ulster

  • 1584-1603 Nine Years’ War

  • Kern

• Cromwell:

  • 1641 – Irish Catholics rebelled against the domination of English and Protestant settlers

  • 1649 – lands with the New Model Army

  • Drogheda garrison killed, Wexford – the same

  • Third of Ireland’s pre-war population was dead or in exile

22. Northern Ireland in XIX – XX century

• Act of Union:

  • 1800 – Act of Union – United Kingdom and Ireland

  • 100 MPs at Westminster in London

  • 90% Catholics – cannot vote on become MPs

  • 1828 – Daniel O’Connell – Catholic Emancipation – Act 1829

  • But he wanted independence for Ireland and parliament

• Great famines:

  • 1845-1849

  • Immigration to the USA

  • Potato blight

  • The population dropped from over 8 million before the famine to 4,4 million in 1911

  • Decline of the Irish language

• Corn Laws:

  • 1815-1846 Trade laws to protect cereal produces in the UK [landowners]

  • Made it too expensive to import grain from their countries

  • 1845 – Peal ordered corn from US to feed people

  • 1846 – Repeal of the Corn Laws. Peel resigns

• Young Ireland:

  • political, cultural and social movement

  • government inaction\French Revolution

  • 1848 – unsuccessful uprising

  • sentenced to death, but public support

  • penal transportation to Van Diemen’s Land

• Sinn Fein [Irish republican political party]:

  • failure of Home Rule movement

  • 1905 – ‘Ourselves Alone’ – policy of non-cooperating with Britain

  • 1913 – Home Rule bill rejected by the House of Lords. Irish nationalist form Irish Nationalist Volunteers [later IRA]

• 1916 Easter Rising:

  • Irish Nationalists

  • about 1600 involved

  • 400 died

  • seized buildings in Dublin and proclaimed the republic

  • 6 days of fighting

  • 15 leaders executed

  • 1918 – 73 Sinn Fein Members of Parliament elected, refused to go to Westminster

  • 1919 – Sinn Fein MPs set up a parliament ‘Dall Eirann’ in Dublin

• The Irish Republican Army:

  • revolutionary military organization

  • 1920 – Bloody Sunday

  • 14 civilians were killed during a football match, 14 British agents were killed, 3 IRA prisoners were killed

  • 1921 – The Custom House burned down in Dublin by IRA

• Ireland Act 1949:

Eire	Northern Ireland
1932 – Southern Ireland renamed Eire	Ireland
1948 – The Republic of Ireland Act
1949 – Ireland Act recognizes Eire as an independent republic
Republic of Ireland leaves the Commonwealth

• to sum up: Independence

  • declared – 1916

  • ratified – 1919

  • recognized – 1922

  • constitution – 1937

  • left the Commonwealth – 1949

Republic of Ireland	Northern Ireland
Dublin	Belfast
President	Monarch
Euro	Pound
4588000	1810000