- •1. Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics.
- •2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language.
- •3. Words of Native Origin.
- •4. Borrowings in English.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowing.
- •6. Etymological Doublets.
- •7. International Words.
- •8. Influence of Borrowings.
- •9. Word-Structure in English. Classification of Morphemes. Morphemic types of Words.
- •11. Prefixation in English. Classification of Prefixes.
- •12. Suffixation in English. Classification of Suffixes.
- •15. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion.
- •19. Minor types of word-formation.
- •26. The problem of definition of synonyms.
- •27. The problem of classification of synonyms.
- •28. Patterns of synonymic sets. The synonymic dominant.
- •29. Antonyms in English. Classification of Antonyms.
- •30. Lexical and grammatical valency.
- •31. Structure and classification of free word-groups.
- •32. Meaning of word-groups.
- •33. Free word-groups versus phraseological units.
- •34. The problem of classification of phraseological units.
- •35. Structural types of phraseological units.
- •36. The main sources of phraseological units.
- •37. Proverbs, sayings, quotations.
- •38. Basic vocabulary.
- •39. Informal vocabulary.
- •40. Formal vocabulary.
- •42. Social variation of the English language.
- •43. Classification and types of dictionaries.
- •44. Methods and procedures of lexicological research.
- •45. Procedures of morphemic analysis
- •46. Neologisms.
7. International Words.
International words- words borrowed simultaneously by several l-ges. They convey concepts which are significant in the field of communication. Many of them are of Latin and Greek origin-names of sciences philosophy, mathematics, physics, medicine, linguistics, lexicology, terms of art music, theatre, comedy, artist, polit terms politics, revolution, democracy, scientific atomic, antibiotic, radio, television, sputnik.
English also contributed a considerable number of international words to world languages. sport terms football, cricket, rugby, tennis, golf; film, club, cocktail, jazz.
Fruits and food imported from exotic countries often transport their names too and, being imported to many countries, become international: coffee, cocoa, chocolate, coca-cola, banana, mango, avocado, grapefruit.
International words should not be mixed with words of the common Indo-European stock that also comprise a sort of common fund of the European languages.The outward similarity of such words as the E. son, the Germ. Sohn and the R. сын should not lead one to the quite false conclusion that they are international words. They represent the Indo-Euroреаn group of the native element in each respective language and are cognates, i. e. words of the same etymological root, and not borrowings.
8. Influence of Borrowings.
The role of borrowings was so great that they exerted much influence on the development of English and brought about different changes or innovations practically on all the levels of the language system. The influence of borrowings on the phonetic structure resulted in:
1.the appearance of words of new phonetic structure with strange sounds or familiar sounds in unusual positions, psychology.2.the appearance of a new diphthong |oi| which came with such French words as point, joint.3.the reappearance of the initial |sk| mostly due to Scandinavian borrowings.4. the appearance of the affricate дж at the beginning of words jungle, journey, gesture.
The influence on the word-structure and the system of word-building resulted in:
1.the appearance of a number of new structural types in w hich some highly-productive borrowed affixes (e.g. re-, inter-, -er, -ism) can combine with native and borrowed bases. 2.the ousting of native affixes by borrowed ones, e.g. the prefix pre- has replaced the native prefix fore.3the appearance of a great number of words with bound morphemes.
The influence on the semantic structure resulted in:1.the differentiation of borrowed words and synonymous native words in meaning and use: feed (native) — nourish (L);2.the narrowing of meaning of native words due to the differentiation of synonyms. stool of native origin in Old English denoted ‘any article of furniture designed for sitting on. Under the influence of the French came to be used as chair.
The influence on the lexical territorial divergence resulted in:
1.the intensification of the difference between the word-stock of the literary national language and dialects owing to the borrowing of words into the literary national language which are not found in the dialects, and vice versa; 2. the enlargement of the word-stock of different dialects and national variants of English. Irish English has the following words of Celtic origin: shamrock — трилистник, dun — холм, colleen — девушка.