- •1. Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics.
- •2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language.
- •3. Words of Native Origin.
- •4. Borrowings in English.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowing.
- •6. Etymological Doublets.
- •7. International Words.
- •8. Influence of Borrowings.
- •9. Word-Structure in English. Classification of Morphemes. Morphemic types of Words.
- •11. Prefixation in English. Classification of Prefixes.
- •12. Suffixation in English. Classification of Suffixes.
- •15. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion.
- •19. Minor types of word-formation.
- •26. The problem of definition of synonyms.
- •27. The problem of classification of synonyms.
- •28. Patterns of synonymic sets. The synonymic dominant.
- •29. Antonyms in English. Classification of Antonyms.
- •30. Lexical and grammatical valency.
- •31. Structure and classification of free word-groups.
- •32. Meaning of word-groups.
- •33. Free word-groups versus phraseological units.
- •34. The problem of classification of phraseological units.
- •35. Structural types of phraseological units.
- •36. The main sources of phraseological units.
- •37. Proverbs, sayings, quotations.
- •38. Basic vocabulary.
- •39. Informal vocabulary.
- •40. Formal vocabulary.
- •42. Social variation of the English language.
- •43. Classification and types of dictionaries.
- •44. Methods and procedures of lexicological research.
- •45. Procedures of morphemic analysis
- •46. Neologisms.
5. Assimilation of borrowing.
There are words that are easily recognized as foreign. And there are others that have become so firmly rooted in the language that it is sometimes extremely difficult to distinguish them from words of Anglo-Saxon origin (e.g. pupil, master, city, river). The term 'assimilation of borrowings' is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the English language and its semantic system.
According to the degree of assimilation :
1. Completely assimilated words follow all morphological, phonetical and orthographic standards, take an active part in word-formation.(cheese,face, animal)
2. Partially assimilated-assimilated in some respects and unassimilated in others graphically (Fr. ballet, buffet); ; some may keep a diacritic mark: café, phonetically (machine, police)gram-ly (phenomenon – phenomena), semantically-they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come (sari, sombrero).
3. Unassimilated(barbarisms). This group includes words not assimilated in any way, and for which there are English equivalents, the Italian addio, ciao — 'good-bye'.
Unassimilated words differ from assimilated ones in their pronunciation, spelling, semantic structure, frequency and sphere of application. There are also words that are assimilated in some respects and unassimilated in others – partially assimilated words (graphically, phonetically, grammatically, semantically).
The degree of assimilation depends upon the time of borrowing: the older the borrowing, the more thoroughly it tends to follow normal English habits.Another factor -the way in which the borrowings were taken over into the language. Words borrowed orally are assimilated more readily; they undergo greater changes, whereas with words adopted through writing the process of assimilation is longer and more laborious.
The words shirt and skirt etymologically descend from the same root. Shirt is a native word, and skirt-a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonemic shape is different, and there is a certain resemblance which reflects their common origin. Their meanings are also different but easily associated: they both denote articles of clothing. Such words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called etymological doublets.
6. Etymological Doublets.
The words shirt and skirt etymologically descend from the same root. Shirt is a native word, and skirt-a Scandinavian borrowing. Their phonemic shape is different, and there is a certain resemblance which reflects their common origin. Their meanings are also different but easily associated: they both denote articles of clothing. Such words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called etymological doublets.
They may enter the vocabulary by different routes. Some consist of a native word and a borrowed word: shrew, n. (E.) — screw, n. (Sc.). Others are represented by two borrowings from different languages which are historically descended from the same root: senior (Lat.) — sir (Fr.), canal (Lat.) — channel (Fr.), captain (Lat.) — chieftan (Fr.).Still others were borrowed from the same language twice, but in different periods: corpse [ko:ps] (Norm. Fr.) — corps [ko:] (Par. Fr.), travel (Norm. Fr.) — travail (Par. Fr.), cavalry (Norm. Fr.) — chivalry (Par. Fr.), gaol (Norm. Fr.) — jail (Par. Fr.).
Etymological triplets (groups of three words of common root) occur rarer: hospital (Lat.) — hostel (Norm. Fr.) — hotel (Par. Fr.), to capture (Lat.) — to catch (Norm. Fr.) — to chase (Par. Fr.).
A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: history — story, fantasy — fancy, fanatic — fan, defence — fence, courtesy — curtsy, shadow — shade.
By translation-loans we indicate borrowings of a special kind. They undergo the process of translation, each stem is translated separately: masterpiece-Meisterstück,wonder child- Wunderkind, first dancer -prima-ballerina, collective farm-колхоз.