45. Procedures of morphemic analysis

Morphemic analysis deals with segmentable words. Its procedure flows to split a word into its constituent morphemes, and helps to determine their number and type. It's called the method of immediate and ultimate constituents. This method is based on the binary principle which allows to break morphemic structure of a word into 2 components at each stage. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents(UC) unable of any further division. E.g. Louis Bloomfield - classical example: ungentlemanly I. un-(IC/UC) +gentlemanly (IC) (uncertain, unhappy)  II. gentleman (IC) + -ly (IC/UC) (happily, certainly)  III. gentle (IC) +man (IC/UC) (sportsman, seaman)  IV. gent (IC/UC) + le (IC/UC) (gentile, genteel) The aim of the analysis is to define the number and the type of morphemes. As we break the word we obtain at any level only 2 immediate constituents, one of which is the stem of the given word. The morphemic analysis may be based either on the identification of affixational morphemes within a set of words, or root morphemes.

For example, the noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs 1) friendly- (recurring in the adjectives friendly and friendly-looking) and 2) -ness (found in a countless number of nouns, e.g. happiness, darkness). The 1C -ness is at the same time a UC of the noun, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. The 1C friendly- is next broken into the ICs 1) friend- (recurring in friendship, unfriendly) and 2) -ly (recurring in wifely, brotherly). The ICs friend- and -ly are both UCs of the word under analysis.

The division into ICs and UCs can be carried out on the basis of two principles: I) the affix principle and 2) the root principle. According to the affix principle the segmentation of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of an affixational morpheme within a set of words, e.g. the identification of the morpheme -less leads to the segmentation of words like useless.According to the root principle the identification of the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable makes it possible to split these words into the root agree- and the affixational morphemes -able.

46. Neologisms.

A neologism is a newly coined term, word, or phrase, that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.

Neologisms can develop in three main ways: a lexical unit existing in the language can change its meaning to denote a new object or phenomenon- semantic neologisms, e.g. the word “umbrella” developed the meanings: “авиационное прикрытие”, “политическое прикрытие”. A new lexical unit can develop in the language to denote an object orphenomenon which already has some lexical unit to denote it. Insuch cases we have transnomination, e.g. the word “slum” was first substituted by the word “ghetto” then by the word group“inner town”. A new lexical unit can be introduced to denote anew object or phenomenon. In this case we have “a proper neologism”, many of them are cases of new terminology.

Here we can point out several semantic groups when we analyze the group of neologisms connected with computerization, and here we can mention words used:

1) to denote different types of computers: PC, super-computer, multi-user

2) to denote parts of computers: hardware, software, monitor, screen

3) to denote computer languages: BASIC

4) to denote notions connected with work on computer: computerman, computerization,

There are different semantic groups of neologisms belonging to everyday life:

1) food microbiotics

2) clothing e.g. catsuit, pants

3) footwear e.g. winklepickers

4) bags e.g. bumbag

Neologisms can be also classified according to the ways they are formed. They are subdivided into: phonological neologisms, borrowings, semantic neologisms and syntactical neologisms. Syntactical neologisms are divided into morphological /word-building/ and phraseological /forming word- groups/.Phonological neologisms are formed by combining unique sounds, they are called artificial, e.g. rah-rah /a short skirt which is worn by girls during parades/, yeck/yuck which are interjections to express repulsion produced the adjective yucky/yecky. These are strong neologisms.Strong neologisms also include phonetic borrowings, such as perestroika /Russian/, solidarnost /Polish, Berufsverbot/German/, dolce vita /Italian/ etc. Morphological and syntactical neologisms are usually built on patterns existing in the language, therefore they do not belong to the group of strong neologisms. Among morphological neologisms there are a lot of compound words of different types, such as free-fall There are also abbreviations of different types such as resto, teen /teenager/ There are many neologisms formed by means of affixation,

such as: decompress, to disimprove