- •1. Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics.
- •2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language.
- •3. Words of Native Origin.
- •4. Borrowings in English.
- •5. Assimilation of borrowing.
- •6. Etymological Doublets.
- •7. International Words.
- •8. Influence of Borrowings.
- •9. Word-Structure in English. Classification of Morphemes. Morphemic types of Words.
- •11. Prefixation in English. Classification of Prefixes.
- •12. Suffixation in English. Classification of Suffixes.
- •15. Basic criteria of semantic derivation in conversion.
- •19. Minor types of word-formation.
- •26. The problem of definition of synonyms.
- •27. The problem of classification of synonyms.
- •28. Patterns of synonymic sets. The synonymic dominant.
- •29. Antonyms in English. Classification of Antonyms.
- •30. Lexical and grammatical valency.
- •31. Structure and classification of free word-groups.
- •32. Meaning of word-groups.
- •33. Free word-groups versus phraseological units.
- •34. The problem of classification of phraseological units.
- •35. Structural types of phraseological units.
- •36. The main sources of phraseological units.
- •37. Proverbs, sayings, quotations.
- •38. Basic vocabulary.
- •39. Informal vocabulary.
- •40. Formal vocabulary.
- •42. Social variation of the English language.
- •43. Classification and types of dictionaries.
- •44. Methods and procedures of lexicological research.
- •45. Procedures of morphemic analysis
- •46. Neologisms.
3. Words of Native Origin.
Native words are subdivided into 3 layers:
Words of Indo-European origin- roots common to all or most languages of the Indo-Eur group. English words of this group denote elementary concepts without which no human communication possible: Family relations: father, mother, daughter. Parts of the human body: foot , nose, lip, heart. Animals: cow, swine, goose. Plants: tree, birch , corn. Time of day: day, night. Heavenly bodies: sun, moon, star. adjectives: red (Ukr. рудий, R. рыжий), new, glad (R. гладкий), sad (R. сыт).The numerals from one to a hundred. Pronouns -personal (except they which is a Scandinavian borrowing); demonstrative. Numerous verbs: be (быть), stand (стоять), sit (сидеть), eat (есть), know (знать).
The Germanic element represents words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages.
I. Parts of the human body: head, hand, arm, finger, bone.
II. Animals: bear, fox, calf.
Plants: oak, fir, grass.
Natural phenomena: rain, frost.
V. Seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer.1 VI. Landscape features: sea, land. VII. Human dwellings and furniture: house, room,
bench.
VIII. Sea-going vessels: boat, ship. IX. Adjectives: green, blue, grey, white, small,
thick, high, old, good.
X. Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, answer, make, give, drink.
English proper words. they are specifically English having no cognates in other languages. These words stand quite alone in the vocabulary system of Indo-European languages: bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, daisy, always.
Native words for the most part are characterized by:
-a w ide range of lexical and grammatical valency and high frequency value
-a developed polysemy
- a great word-building power
- the capacity of forming phraseological units
4. Borrowings in English.
Borrowings enter the language in two ways: through oral speech (by immediate contact between people) and through written speech (through books, newspapers, etc.). Borrowings may be direct or indirect (e.g., through Latin, French) Translation borr-gs are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language(wall newspaper -стенная газета). Semantic bor-g is the development in an English word of a new meaning under the influence of a related word in another language. (pioneer meant 'explorer',пионер- a member of Organization).
The fact that different languages served as sources of borrowing at different periods of the development of the English language is accounted for by purely historical causes and facts. So English during its historical development borrowed words from:
1)Celtic: 5- 6 A. D.;
2)Latin(I group- lc. B.C. 2 group- 7с. A. D. 3group- the Renaissance period (14 - I6, c.):
3)Scandinavian: 8 -ll с. A. D.:
4)French:Norman borrowings: 11 -13 c. A. D,Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance penod.
5)Greek: the Renaissance period
6)Italian: the Renaissance period and later.
7)Spanish: the Renaissance period and later:
8)Russian: the Renaissance period and later;
9)German. Indian and other languages.
1 В. С. Most of the territory now, known to us as Europe is occupied by the Roman Empire. Trade is carried on, and the Germanic people gain knowledge of new and useful things. Latin:cherry plum, pea, beet, pepper,cup, kitchen. 5 A. D. Through contacts with the defeated Celts, the conquerors got to know and assimilated a number of Celtic words (bald, down, glen, druid, bard, cradle). 7 A. D. the christianisation of England, education - a new period of Latin borrowings.(priest,bishop,monk,nun,candle,school). end8-mid11 several Scandinavian invasions left their trace on English vocabulary. Scandinavian borrowings: call, take, die,husband, window, sky, skill, skin, skirt. 1066. the English were defeated by the Normans, Norman French borrowings: state, government, crime, prison, army, war, soldier, officer, battle,pupil, lesson, library. The Renaissance Period. phenomenon, philosophy, method, music, piano.
Latin affixes: -ion, -tion, -ate, -ute, -ct, -d(e), dis-,-able, -ate, -ant, -ent, -or, -al, -ar.
French affixes: -ance, -ence,-ment, -age, -ess, -ous, en-.
Modern scholars estimate the percentage of borrowed words in the English vocabulary at 65-70