II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What kinds of tractors are very powerful?

2. What is called a "blade?"

3. Where did the driver sit in some early models?

4. What do important improvements include?

5. What is the best known maker of bulldozers?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. A bulldozer is a tracked-type tractor attached with blade behind in the front and a rope-winch in the front.

2. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors.

3. Through the years, bulldozers got smaller, and more sophisticated.

4. The best known maker of bulldozers is the Caterpillar Tractor Company.

5. Bulldozers can be equipped with a rear ripper claw to loosen rocky soils.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 7

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І. Прочитайте текст та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

The bulldozer description

Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked engineering vehicles. The tracks give them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over large area (decreasing pressure), thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Extra wide tracks are known as 'swamp tracks'. Bulldozers have excellent ground hold and a torque divider designed to convert the engine's power into dragging ability, letting the bulldozer use its own weight to push very heavy things and remove obstacles that are stuck in the ground. The Caterpillar D9, for example, can easily tow tanks that weigh more than 70 tons. Because of these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear areas of obstacles, shrubbery, burnt vehicles, and remains of structures.

The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come singly (single shank) or in groups or two or more (multi shank rippers). Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy lip.

Ripping rock lets the ground surface rock be broken into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place. Agricultural ripping lets rocky or very hard earth be broken up so otherwise unploughable land can be farmed.

The bulldozer blade is a piece of heavy metal plate, installed on the front of the tractor, with the aim of pushing things, handle rough obstacles and shoving sand, dirt and debris. The dozer blade on front of the tractor usually comes in 3 varieties:

1. A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used for fine grading.

2. A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material.

3. A "S-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings.

Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer cannot.

One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth and loading it into trucks.

Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making it smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited, such as in mining. A very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer.

Nevertheless, the original earthmoving bulldozers are still irreplaceable as their tasks are concentrated in deforestation, earthmoving, ground leveling, and road carving. The heavy bulldozers are mainly employed to level the terrain, to make it fit to construct on ever, is mainly done by small bulldozers and loader tractors.

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