II. Дайте відповіді на запитання

1. What components and devices is the car electrical system composed of?

2. Why is the battery considered to be a major component of the electrical system?

3. Which auxiliary electrical devices are used in modern cars?

4. What helps to supply electrical energy in the automobile?

5. In which way is electrical energy distributed through the automobile?

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III. Виходячи з відповідності речень до тексту, позначте їх +/-

1. The first major component in the electrical system is the engine.

2. The alternator powers the electrical system when the car is running, and restores the charge within the battery.

3. The voltage regulator keeps the power level stabilized.

4. Automotive systems use conductive wires to supply atomic energy.

5. There are four primary circuits which are common to almost all cars.

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IV. Визначте тип термінів тексту стосовно їх будови

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V. Знайдіть приклади інтернаціональної лексики

ВАРІАНТ 13

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І. Прочитайте та виконайте повний письмовий переклад

Car battery

A car battery is a type of electric battery that supplies electric energy to the starter motor and the ignition system of a vehicle's engine. The term is also used for the main power source of an electric vehicle.

They are usually lead-acid batteries that provide a 12-volt potential difference by serially connecting six cells that each produce about 2 to 2.1 volts. As other batteries of its type, it is made up of plates of lead and lead oxide. These plates are submerged into a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water solution called the electrolyte solution. This process causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to flow through conductors thus producing electricity. As a lead acid battery discharges, the lead plate gets thinner. When the battery is recharged, the lead is redeposited on the plates allowing the process to be repeated. Car batteries have different uses and various other elements are alloyed with the lead such as calcium, cadmium or strontium to change density, hardness, or porosity of the plates.

The starting (cranking) type is designed to deliver quick bursts of energy, usually to start an engine. They usually have a greater plate count in order to have a larger surface area that provides high amperage for short period of time. Once the engine is started, they are being continuously recharged.

The deep cycle type is designed to continuously provide power for long periods of time (for example in a golf cart). They can also be used to store energy from a photovoltaic array or a small wind turbine. They usually have thicker plates in order to have a greater capacity and survive a higher number of charge/discharge cycles.

Water level. Refill the battery, when needed, with distilled water. The water level must be maintained so that it is just touching the bottom of the refill hole, without overfilling.

Charge and discharge. There are several different methods used to recharge a depleted battery. The most gentle of these is called trickle-charging. Other methods include slow-charging and quick-charging, the latter being the harshest. If parking a car for long periods of time (weeks or months), it's best to disconnect the battery to prevent discharging.

Changing a battery. In the vast majority of automobiles, the grounding is provided by connecting the body of the car to the negative electrode of the battery. Thus, to avoid a Short circuit when changing a battery, one should always disconnect the negative cable first and reconnect it last.

Freshness. Because of "sulfatation", one should never buy a battery that is more than six-month old. In the United States, the manufacturing date is printed on a sticker. The date can be written in plain text or using an alphanumerical code. The first character is a letter that specifies the month (A for January, B for February) with I being skipped. The second character is a single digit that indicates the year of manufacturing (for example, 5 for 2005).

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