Lecture 6

Mongolian invasions.

The objective of the lecture: To show the foundation of Mongolian empire. Chingiskhan’s activity. Invasions to the territory of Kazakhstan and struggle of Turkic people against this invasions. Economy, political and cultural consequences of invasions.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Foundation of Mongolian empire.

2. Invasions to Kazakhstan.

3. Consequences of invasions.

Foundation of Mongolian empire. In the half of the XII c. Mongol tribes directed to the west from Orkhon and Kerulen. Mongols placed on the territory from Baikal, banks oof Enisey and Irtysh on the north to the desert Gobi.

In the end of the XII c. Mongol tribes disintegrated and classes formed. Rulers of tribes captured lands, pastures, slaves. Endless wars between Mongols and Turkic tribes – Mongols, Kereits, Naimans, Tatars, Kongrats and others finished at the beginning of the XIII c. When Mongol empire was founded, which was headed by Chingiz-khan.

Temuchin was born in 1155 (1162) in the family of the famous representative Mongol nobility – Yesugey – bagatur. He lost his father in the childhood (when he was 9 years old). But the Heaven’s way unknown. He organized a group of confident fellows and became as brave man due to lucky campaigns. He was one oof the powerful leaders in Central Asian steppes.

In 1206 Mongol Nobels proclaimed him a main ruler – Chingis-khan.

Mongol state was formed on the principles of military-administrative organization. Territory and population were divided in three military-administrative okrugs: Barun gar, Djun gar and Cul. Each okrug consist of Tumens (10 thousand), each thousand – of 10 hundreds. Lowest unit is “ten”- when the froup of nomadic tribes were obliged to give 10 warriors.

Conqests of Mongols in the beginning of XIII c. In the 1211 Chingiz-khan conquered the Northern China with the capital Beipin (Peking). Mongols recognized military technology, machines and broght it to Mongolia and it improved military power of army. Chingiz-khan had all information about state, which he want to conquer, which recieved from traitors, from moslem merchants.

Naimans and Mongol-speaking tribe – Merkits were defeated in 1208 on the Yrtysh bank. Naimans, who saved moved with their khan Kuchluc to Zhetysu (Karakitay’s land) and Merkits to Kypchacs into the steppe of Central Kazakhstan.

In 1219-1221 Chingiz-khan invaded to Khorezm. Khorezm-shakh sent two missions to Mongolia. Chingiz-khan sent a trade caravan to Khorezm-shakh. The caravvan arrived to Otrar in summer 1218. The governor of Otrar Kypcak Gair-khan Inalchik suspected merchants in espionage and ordered to kill them and plundered the caravan. This incident became a reason of Chingis-khan’s war aggainst Khorezm. Chingiz-khan moved from Irtysh to Syr-Darya – across Zhetysu.

On the coming to Otrar, Chigiz-khan sent for it’s seizure troops under the command of his sons – Chagatai and Ugedei, Djuchi was sent to the lower Syrdarya. From 20000-50000 warriors headed by Gair-khan defended Otrar during five months. The number of troops gathered by Chingiz-khan is unknown, but there were, probably, about 150000 warriors including allies – the Karluks of Zhetysu and Uigurs of Eastern Turkestan. The town was taken and Gair-khan executed by Chingiz-khan (melted silver was poured in his eyes and ears).

In the similar heroic way defended themselves citizens of other Syrdarya towns – Sygnak, Ashnaz and others. In 1221 Djuchi-khan moved into the steppe of Kazakhstan to the north-east of the Aral sea. Having met the resistance of the Kypchaks, he defeated them utterly in a bloody battle.

To the spring of 1221 Middle Asia and Kazakhstan were conquered by Mongols. In 1223 troops of Djebe and Subedey destroyed Alans, Kypchaks and Russians near the river Kalka and through the Kazakhstan returned to Horde of Chigiz-khan.

So, after Mongolian invasions in 1219-1221 Kazakhstan became a part of the great Mongolian empire.

Glossary

Espionage	шпионаж	тыңшылық
Ancestor	предок	Тек, баба
Feuds	междоусобицы	Тартыс, қақтығыс
Confident	доверие	сенім
Proclaim	провозглашать	Жария ету
Betray	предавать	Сатып жіберу

Tasks for IWS: Prepare a report: “Consequences of Mongolian invasions.”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short essay: “Political arrangement of Mongolian state”.

Home tasks: Find information about division of Kazakhstan territory by Mongols and prepare a map.

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.97-104.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.53-56

Lecture 7

Disintegration of Mongolian empire and foundation of new states

The objective of the lecture: Peculiarities of new sates, which were founded after disintegration of Mongolian empire.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Ak-Horde

2. Khanate of Abulkhair

3. Nogai Horde

Ak-Horde

New state Ak-Horde was founded on the territory of Eastern Dasht-I-Kypchak in the XIII – in the beginning of XV cc. (1300-1425).

Orda-Edjen one of the sons of Djuci received the eastern part of Djuchi’s ulus. At first, Ak-Horde occupied the territory of north-eastern Semirecheye, banks of Irtysh, steppe of Ulutau and Karatau.

Beyween Jaik, Irgiz, Tobol and Sarysu and lowest part of Syrdarya was established Ulus of another son of Djuchi – Shaiban.

In the middle of XIIIc. The capital of Ak-Horde was situated near the lake Alakol. In the XIV c. the power of the sons of Orda-Edjen spread on Ulus of Shaiban and all territory of Kazakhstan, expect Semirecheye, submitted to Orda-Edjen’s son, only Semirecheye was under the power of Chagataids. Political center of Ak-Horde displaced to the south of Kazakhstan and Sygnak became the capital of Ak-Horde. Ak-Horde was inhabited by turkicspeaking tribes. Some of them were local tribes, some of them came after Chingiskhan’s invasion from eastern regions. So, kypchaks, naimans, uisuns, argyns, karluks, kereits, kanglys, mangyts and others lived on the territory of Ak-Horde.

Social-political arrangement of Ak-Horde.The political history of Ak-Horde we can divide into three parts:

1. Ak-Horde fought for liberation of Eastern Dasht-I-Kypchak from Golden Horde.

2. Khans of Ak-Horde interfered in internal affairs of Golden-Horde.

3. Struggle against aggression of Maveranakhr’s governor – Timur and Timurides.

Ak-Horde received full independence from Golden Horde when khans Erzen and Mubarak ruled. Development of Ak-Horde begun in the ruling of Urus khan in 60-70-s of XIV c. In the first quarter of XV c. Ak-Horde was divided into two parts: on the west Nogai Horde was founded, Nomadic Uzbek Khanate on the East.