Lecture 1

Primitive society.

The objective of the lecture: to show common and peculiarities of the primitive society development on the territory of Kazakhstan. The main stages of the primitive society, evolution of labor instrument, origination of people and formation social institutes.

Outline of the lecture

1. Characteristic of the primitive society.

2. Stages of the primitive society.

3. Historical monuments of the primitive society.

The brief content of the lecture: The problem of the origin of the modern human being and the most ancient stages of his development in the Stone Age according to the scientists terminology in one of the complex problem of the science.

The modern genetics came to conclusion, that labor played the decisive role in the evolution of man. The other factors – biological and social, participated in the process of anthropogenesis. Man is differed from the animal by his knowing how to work and how to make the labor instruments. The first instruments made from stone by man gave the name to the Stone Age, the early and longest period of the history.

By the beginning of the XX. the following division of the Stone Age into periods was established:

I. Paleolithic

1. Ancient Paleolithic:

Doshell – 2,5 mln.-800 th. B.C.

Shell, Ashell - 800-140 th. B.C.

2. Middle Paleolithic

Upper Ashell and Mousterian period – 140-40 th. B.C.

3. Upper Paleolithic

40-10 th. B.C.

II. Mesolithic XII-V th. B.C.

III. Neolithic V-II th. B.C.

The first men on the territory of Kazakhstan appeared about 700-500 th. years ago during the Paleolithic Age. The earliest men lived near rivers Isym, Chu, Betpak-Dala. On the banks of the Arystandy river the most ancient stone instruments were discovered. The more numerous sites of the late times were Shabakty, Temirkazgan, Borykazgan etc. The hand bifaces ( hand axes), points more than 5 th. various flint instruments were collected there.

During the Mousterian epoch the method of production of stone instruments developed. Among the Mousterian sites discovered in the Karatau, one was situated in Karasai, on the right bank of the Arystandy river. The enormous concentration of the flint and chalcedony hand-made were revealed and wild animals bones and charcoal were found. The finds of the Mousterian instruments are known in the middle flow of the Sarysu river in Central Kazakhstan and Priirtyshie.

Neolithic. The Neolithic hunters, fisher men and collectors lived in Pri-Ural and Irtysh. The natural environment of that time was almost the same as in our days. The technology of working up of stone in the epoch of Neolithic achieved the highest level, people learned how to saw and polish the stone and make the mini stone-blades (micro-lit). The durable crockery ceramics were made with help of baking by Neolithic people.

In the epoch of Upper Neolithic and Eneolithic one more important event was happened in the life of people. The animals have been domesticated and became domestic animals. People began to be occupied with farming.

The appearance of the beginnings of mining, mastery of metals, soft-ones – copper, gold, lead took place.

During the Neolithic Age the family communes with Matriarchy appeared. At the Neolithic the earliest men began to use fire and make work tools from metal – at first it was copper, then bronze.

Glossary

Hand axe	топор	балта
Point	остроконечник	Шошақ төбе
Chalcedony	халцедон	халцедон
Charcoal	древесный уголь	Ағаш көмір
To saw	пилить	аралау
Blade	лезвие	Пышақтың жүзі
Durable	прочный	Берік, мықты
Crockery	глиняный	Саз, балшық

Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “Chronology of primitive society.”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Evolution of labor tools”.

Home tasks: read F. Engels «Origination of family, private property and state» and prepare annotation.

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.4-16.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.14-19

Lecture 2

Bronze and iron ages.

The objective of the lecture: Characteristic of the bronze and iron ages. The main stages of the bronze and iron ages. Historical monuments of this stages. To show the economy and political development and features of culture.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Bronze age. The main stages of bronze age. The cultures of bronze age.

2. Iron age. Sakas. Political and economy development of the Sakas.

3. Culture of the Sakas.

The changing in the economy and mode of the life of the people of Kazakhstan, which were outlined at the end of Neolithic, resulted in the building of the producing economy. In the II th. B.C. people learned to get bronze by the way of addition of tin, lead and zinc to copper. The bronze is the hard, but at the same time very plastic metal, from which the instruments of labour and weapons were made. The epoch, when this metal was the main one in the life people, named the “Bronze age” It was lasting from the end of the III till I th. B.C.

The tribes, dwelt on the territory of Kazakhstan during the Bronze epoch, left the archaeological monument, dated back to the Andronovskaya archaeological culture. Now the time of existing of this culture is divided by the majority of the researches into three period:

Early Bronze XVIII-XVI c .B.C.

The Middle XV – XII c. B.C.

The Late XII – VIII c. B.C.

The Late Bronze period in Central Kazakhstan was marked by formation of the new culture, which was named Dandybai-Begazinskaya.

During the Bronze age Kazakhstan became the center of metallurgy. Copper, tin, iron were mined in Eastern Kazakhstan and Djezkazgan.

The role of a man in family increased – it was the time of Patriarchy. The Andron people’s main occupations were cattlebreeding, farming and fishing. They grew millet near the rivers, lived in houses and when the climate became dry they began to move from place to place. The Andron people invented houses that could put on carriages and moved with people. They began to nomadize.

The question of the tribe’s language investigated by archaeologists, of the race type of these tribes, and their roots and descendants was the most difficult one in the ancient history. Andronovtsy were considered as European physical type and Indo-Iranian language.

Saks tribes. In the I millennium BC a huge territory, including Northern India, Afghanistan, Middle Asia and South Kazakhstan was populated by numerous tribes, called “Saks”. Saks tribes were contemporaries of skiffs, which lived in Northern Prichernomorie and Savromates – in South Cis Ural.

In Akhemenids sources there are a lot of facts and information about sakes. They inform that they were 3 groups: Saks-Haumovarga (Saks that made drink Haom), Saks-Paradaraya (Saks that lived across the sea, Saks-Tigrahauda (Saks that were pointed caps).

Saks took part in many historical events of that time. So, Kir concluded a peace treating with Saks against the king Krez. Kir’s campaign against Saks was not successful. His army was defeated and he died. Kir’s campaign to the Middle Asia were continued by Dariy I (521-486) but he was also defeated. At the end of VI beg. of V c. B.C. in ancient East were taking place Greek-Persian wars. Some Saks tribes took part in those wars being on the side of Persians. Greek-Persian wars (500-449) ended with the defeat of Persians. In 30-s B.C. Greek-makedonians under the control of Alexandr Makedonsky defeated the army of the last Ahemenid of Dariy III and entered the Middle Asia. Massagets and other tribes, living in the Southern Kazakhstan participated in wars against Alexander Macedonsky. Saks tribes which lived in the area of Syrdaria kept their independence. After the death of Alexander Macedonsky his huge empire was disunited because it was just a union of tribes and nations who didn’t have strong economic and political relations.

Glossary

Nomadize	кочевой	Көшпелі
Tribe	племя	тайпа
Defeat	поражение	Жеңілу, ұтылу
Source	источник	деректеме

Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “The main tribes lived in bronze and iron ages.”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Culture of Saks”.

Home tasks: read «Archeology of Kazakhstan» and prepare annotation.

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.16-42.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.19-29

Lecture 3

Early class societies (III B.C.-III A.D.).

The objective of the lecture: To show the economy and political history of Uisuns, Kangles and Hunnu.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Uisuns.

2. Kangls.

3. Hunnu.

Uisunes. The tribes of Uisunes, which inherited lands of Saks-Tigrahauda in the Semirechye, came from the depth of Central Asia.

The population of Uisunes was about 630 thousand people and 188 thousand from them were warriors. The head of which was leader, whose title was “Gunmo”.

The main territory of Uisuns situated in the valley of ILLI, frontier on the west was on rivers Chu and Talas, where they bordered with Kangyo.

The capital of Uisuns was Chegu-Chen (the town of red valley) was situated on the coast of Issykkol.

Ethnic group of Uisuns still isn’t clear. Some investigators think that Uisuns were Turc ancestors and spoke in Turcik, another, that Uisuns were from West-Iranian tribes.

Uisuns were nomads.

Hunnu.

Creation date	IV-III cc.B.C.
Geography	From Zabaikalye to Tibet, from Eastern Turkestan to the middle flow of Huanhe river.
Main cities	Near the Kyrgyz Nur lake (Chjichji residence)
Main activity	Nomadic cattle-breeding. Main animals: horses, oxen, camels, sheep and goats.
Other names	Syunnu, Gunnu
Type of state	Nomadic type of life. Hunnu can be called as a military state too.
Religion	Hunnu was paganists.
People, nations	Proturk tribes with mongoloid faces. The population is 1,5 mln. Of people.
Language	One of Altai language family branches.
Society structure	There were 4 supreme origins, the most noble is “Luan’di” only from which the Shanyuis could be elected. Hunnu had slavery.
Military successes	Hunnu fought together with Kangui against Uisuns but couldn’t succeed completely. Hunnu successfully fought against China, which them tribute, conquered Dunhu, part of Uisuns and Sayan-Altai tribes.
State army	Whole army was 300-400 th.men, “t’ma” – 10 th. horsemen. There were 24 heads of t’mas called “temniks”. The army consisted of center and two wings.
Historical Literature	“historical writings” by Chinese historian Sym Tsyan about Hunnu’s invasions and conquered lands.
Famous events, political history	In 206 B.C. Mode made reforms for state enforcement. In 47 the stae was divided into South and Northern parts. Chjichji tried to return the state unity, but China pressed on Hunnu and forced them to move through Tian-Shan to Kazakhstan. There they first contacted with Kangui tribe close. This was the first wave of great people’s migration. The second one started in I c. AD., when Hunnu again moved west from China’s pressure. Under Hunnu’s pressure there was started the tribes movement in Central Kazakhstan, on the north of Syrdarya and also in Aral and Caspian sea regions. The “Great People’s Migration” took its period since II till V centuries AD. And under Attila’s supervision, the migrating people made the great collapsing hit to the Roman Empire. Hunnu increased the quantity of Turkic roots among the people in the Kazakhstan region.

Glossary

Inherited	наследовать	Мұра етіп алу
Middle flow	среднее течение	Орта ағым
Valley	долина	аңғар
Supervision	руководство	Басшылық, жетекшілік

Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “The main tribes lived in III c. B.C.-III c. A.D..”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Foreign policy of Uisuns and Hunnu”.

Home tasks: Make a table: “Kanguys”.

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.43-55.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.30-36

Lecture 4 -5

Feudal states in Kazakhstan in VI-XII cc.

The objective of the lecture: To show the political history of feudal states. Development of economics. Relationships of these states between each other and neighbor states. Reasons of the collapse of these states.