1. Possible discrepancies in denotative meanings of equivalent words in the original and translation

Some losses of information, which do not contradict the 5^th level of equivalence, can be observed in all three aspects of the word semantics:

Denotative

Connotative

Intralinguistic

Very often there is a different number of elementary semes in the original and the translation because different qualities of some objects class are reflected in them.

E.g. error, mistake – помилка kill, assassinate, murder, slay - вбивати

Fixating various qualities of objects in the meanings of words, each language, so to say, creates its own “world image”. E.g. A fly stands on the ceiling.

As a result, the semes that mostly coincide in the meanings of the words in different languages may differ in the character and the number of objects they denote by pointing to the given quality.

Носити – wear a perfume; кип’ячений, варений – boiled milk, boiled eggs

The meaning of every word is a part of the semantic system of the language and depends not only on which qualities of the designated objects they reflect themselves, but also on the presence of other words denoting the same objects. E.g. Пес, собака - dog

As a result of differences in the norm and the usage of SL and TL, the closest equivalent to the original word in meaning is often not used, which hinders the full realization of the 5^th level of equivalence. E.g. She knew that he had risked his neck to help her. Ризикувати головою. The children clapped hands with joy. Плескати у долоні. She slammed the door into his face. По-русски можно лишь захлопнуть дверь у кого-нибудь «перед носом».

Very often it is quite possible to use the closest equivalent, but usage demands a different variant. (wash dishes), «мити посуд» (scrub floors), «мити підлогу» (wash teeth) «чистити зуби».

2. Peculiar ways of rendering the connotative aspect of the word meanings

The most important role in rendering the connotative aspect of the word semantics is played by its components

- emotional

- stylistic

- figurative

The words may be emotionally colored or emotionally neutral smell – fragrance

A word may also bear additional information about style: conversational, bookish, poetic. It is worth mentioning that a great number of words are neutral, i.e. they may be used in various styles. The word’s neutrality may be an additional component of connotative meaning. For instance there are pairs of words which have the same object-logical meanings, but whose stylistic characteristics are different to end – to terminate

The highest level of equivalence is often achieved in cases when the word in translation that corresponds to the original word in other content components also has a similar stylistic characteristic. Very often it is achieved while translating terms that have terminological equivalents in TL: radiation - радіація, feedback – зворотній зв’язок. However, equivalent words belonging to the same style can be found within the general vocabulary: fraught with - чреватий, afore-said - вищеназваний, bearer - пред’явник, steed – скакун

Often a stylistically marked original word has a stylistically neutral equivalent and vise versa. If we use it we violate the stylistic characteristic of the word in the original. This violation is easily compensated for, because the stylistic component of the meaning, like emotional one, colors not only the word, but the whole expression. Therefore this component may be reproduced in translation of another word within this expression or even in the neighboring expression. This is often used in literary translation.

Equivalency of connotative meanings of the words in SL and TL requires also the reproduction of associative-figurative component of their connotative meanings. The semantics of some words includes additional information connected with some associations in the minds of the speakers. Thanks to figurative component of its meaning, a word exerts a special influence on the Receptor, its semantics is more readily accepted, attracts attention, evokes an emotional attitude. Preserving the figurative nature of the original may be essential for achieving equivalency. There are three levels of similarity in this case:

1. Corresponding words in SL and TL have similar associative-figurative characteristics

White as snow, cold as stone, clear as a day. – The highest level of equivalency

2. Words that are not equivalent have the corresponding associative-figurative characteristics, the reproduction of which is carried out through changing the image. strong as a horse - «сильный, как бык», stupid as a goose - «тупий, як ступа».

3. Feature existing in SL does not exist in TL. Only partial reproduction at a lower level of equivalence is possible:

Want, colder than Charity, shivering at the street corners. Нужда, промерзшая до мозга костей, дрожала на перекрестках улиц.

Sometimes the image is lost in translation:

'Cat'. With that simple word Jean closed the scene.

По-английски cat употребляется для характеристики злой или сварливой женщины. Русское слово «кошка» не имеет подобного компонента значения, и в переводе придется отказаться от образа:

- Злючка, - отпарировала Джин, и это простое слово положило конец сцене.