1. Change of the word order

Here we mean to search analogous syntactic structures or structurally identical sentences with similar description of the situation.

Functions of the word order in statements:

1. It shapes some grammatical category

2. Provides sense connection between the parts of the statement and neighboring statements

3. Points out the emotional character of the statement

If the way of expressing any of these functions differs in SL and TL, then the word order in equivalent statements of SL and TL does not coincide.

A MEETING in defence of peace was held in Trafalgar Square yesterday. – Вчора відбувся МІТИНГ.

THE MEETING in defence of peace in Trafalgar Square condemned the apartheid policy in South Africa. – Мітинг ЗАСУДИВ АПАРТЕЇД.

2. The change of the quantity and the types of sentences in translation

There are 3 kinds of changes:

1. the increase of the quantity of independent sentences

2. the decrease of the number of independent sentences

3. complex varying (in translation the syntactic structures, word order and the type of the syntactic whole are changed)

«Начался дождь. Мы пошли домой», «Начался дождь, и мы пошли домой», «Мы пошли домой, потому что начался дождь»

6. Type 5 – word semantics

Here we find the maximum possible semantic similarity between texts in different languages. These translations try to retain the meaning of all the words used in the original text. The examples cited below illustrate this considerable semantic proximity of the correlated words in the two sentences:

I saw him at the theatre. - Я видел его в театре.

The house was sold for 10 thousand dollars. - Дом был продан за десять тысяч долларов.

The Organisation is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. - Организация основана на принципе суверенного равенства всех ее членов.

Here we can observe the equivalence of semes which make up the meaning of correlated words in the original text and the translation; parallelism of syntactic structures implying the maximum invariance of their meanings; the similarity of the notional categories which determine the method of describing the situation; the identity of the situations; the identical functional aim of the utterance or the purport of communication. The relative identity of the contents of the two texts depends in this case on the extent to which various components of the word meaning can be rendered in translation without detriment to the retention of the rest of the information contained in the original.

In translations here we observe

1. a high level of parallelism in the structure of the text;

2. significant equivalence of the lexical components

3. all the main parts of the contents of the original are preserved

4. the four parts of the contents of the original plus the sameness of all semes are preserved

The semantics of the words which comprise the statement is the most important part of its contents. The word as the most principal unit records in its meaning a complicated information complex that reflects:

1. different qualities of the objects (object-logical meaning of the word)

2. The attitude of the speech community to them (connotative meaning of the word)

3. Semantic links of the word with other words of the vocabulary of the language (intralinguistic meaning of the word)

The information, which comprises the semantics of the word, is varied and we can find here elements of different quality. Single elements of this kind can usually be translated with the help of the means of a different language, but very often it is impossible to translate simultaneously all of the information that is contained in a word, because preserving some of the parts of the word’s semantics may be achieved only if we lose some other parts of it. In this case equivalence is achieved by preserving the most communicatively important (dominant) semantic elements, reflection of which is necessary and sufficient under the conditions of this very act of interlingual communication.