Contents

Lesson 1.Diesel Engines	4
Lesson 2. Injection System	8
Lesson 3. Injection Nozzle	12
Lesson 4. Diesel Engine Combustion Chambers	15
Lesson 5. Diesel Engine Combustion Chambers	19
Lesson 6. Special Designs. The Engine	22
Lesson 7. Advantages of the Diesel over the Gasoline Engine	24
Test yourself	27
Additional Reading	29
Vocabulary	34

Lesson 1 diesel engines

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine in which fuel is ignited by the heat of compression.

A modern term of this engine is “compression-ignition engine”. Any gas when compressed will become heated; in the diesel engine the air drawn into the cylinder on the suction stroke is heated during the compression stroke to a temperature far higher then required for ignition of diesel fuel oil. Thus when fuel oil is injected into the combustion chamber near the end of the compression stroke it is promptly ignited by the heated air. Its combustion rises the temperature still higher and expands the gases formed in burning to provide the power that moves the piston.

The fuel is injected either by compressed air or by mechanically operated pump. No carburettor or ignition mechanism is used, both being replaced by the injection system. Air is drawn into the cylinder and exhaust gases are discharged in a similar manner to that used in carburettor engines. The automotive-type diesel engine is generally high-speed four-stroke cycle, compression-ignition, solid-injection type of engine. It is intended for operation over a wide range of speed and loads, and differs in many respects from the large stationary diesel engines. The latter are usually slow-speed compression-ignition engines, and may operate either on the two or four stroke cycle, and employ either solid or air injection of the fuel.

The type of a diesel engine is based on the method of injection: air injection and airless or solid injection.

The air-injection engine uses compressed air to force the fuel into the cylinder. The injection consists of a plug that fits into the cylinder head, a spring-loaded valve covering the orifices and mechanical device for opening the air valve. A compressor-receiver unit furnishes air to the injection at approximately 900 psi (6.5), and a separate fuel pump delivers fuel to the injection at about 500 psi (3.6). At the proper time the valve is opened mechanically, and the compressed air forces the fuel through the orifices into the combustion space. This action is very effective both in atomizing the fuel and in mixing it with the air in the cylinder, producing approximately constant-pressure combustion. Since the air injection is bulky, it is not well suited to diesel trucks and tractors and is limited to large heavy-duty stationary engines.

Solid or airless injection consists as the name indicates in keeping the fuel in a solid stream up to the moment of its forcible mechanical injection.

Задание 1: Переведите следующие слова на русский язык.

An engine, fuel, a carburettor, a stroke, a truck, a pump, a plug, a valve, an orifice, a piston, combustion, compression, injection, ignition, to inject, to ignite, to heat, to burn, to require, to rise, to expand, to provide, to move, to compress, to discharge, to intend, to differ, to operate, to employ, to force, to furnish, to deliver, to replace, to atomize, to mix, to produce, to suit, to fit, to limit, to consist of, to consist in.

Задание 2: Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

1. A diesel engine, an internal combustion engine, a compression-ignition engine, a carburetor engine, an automotive-type diesel engine, a high-speed type of engine, a four-stroke cycle type of engine, a compression-ignition type of engine, a solid-injection type of engine; a high-speed four-stroke cycle, compression-ignition, solid-injection type of engine; a large stationary diesel engine, a slow-speed compression-ignition engine, an air-injection engine, large heavy-duty stationary engines.

2. A suction stroke, a compression stroke, two or four-stroke cycle.

3. Internal combustion, a combustion chamber, combustion space, constant-pressure combustion.

4. The heat of compression, compression-ignition engine, a compression stroke, compressed, compressed air, compression-ignition type of engine, compression-ignition engines, a compressor-receiver unit.

5. The fuel oil is injected, injection system, solid-injection type of engine, air injection, air injection engine, solid or airless injection, forcible mechanical injection, solid or air injection of the fuel.

6. Fuel is ignited, compression-ignition engine, ignition of diesel fuel oil, carburettor or ignition mechanism, a compression-ignition type of engine.

7. A spring-loaded valve, an air valve.

8. Fuel oil, exhaust gases, in many respects, a wide range of speed and loads, in a similar manner to that, approximately, a separate fuel pump, at the proper time, a solid stream.

Задание 3: Определите видовременную форму сказуемого и переведите на русский язык.

Is ignited by, will become heated, is heated, is injected, is ignited, is used, is drawn, are discharged, rises, expands, moves, is intended for, differs, may operate, is based on, uses, consists of, fits, furnishes, delivers, is opened, forces, consists in.

Задание 4. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is a diesel engine?

2. What is the modern term of a diesel engine?

3. How is the air heated in the diesel engine?

4. How is fuel oil ignited?

5. What provides the power that moves the piston?

6. How is fuel oil injected?

7. Is a carburettor or ignition mechanism used in the diesel engine?

8. What is the difference between the automotive-type diesel engine and the large stationary diesel engine?

9. What are the two types of a diesel engine?

10. Why does the air-injection engine use compressed air?

11. What does the injection consist of?

12. How does the air-injection engine work?

13. Where is the air-injection engine used?

14. What does solid or airless injection consist in?

Задание 5. Определите, являются ли следующие предложения верными, если нет – исправьте.

1. A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine. 2. In the diesel engine fuel is injected by the heat of compression. 3. In the diesel engine the air is drawn into the cylinder on the compression stroke. 4. The air is heated during the suction stroke to a high temperature. 5. The when fuel oil is ignited by the heated air. 6. The combustion of fuel oil rises the temperature. 7. It expands the gases to provide the power that moves the valve. 8. The fuel is injected either by compressed air or by mechanically operated pump. 9. The carburettor is replaced by the injection system. 10. The automotive-type diesel engine is generally a high-speed two-stroke cycle, solid-ignition, compression-injection type of engine. 11. The large stationary diesel engines are usually slow-speed compression-ignition engines. 12. They operate either on the two or four stroke cycle, and employ either solid or air injection of the fuel. 13. The air-injection engine doesn’t use compressed air. 14. Compressed air forces the fuel into the cylinder. 15. The injection consists of a plug, a spring-loaded valve and a mechanical device.16. A compressor-receiver unit furnishes air to the ignition. 17. A separate fuel pump delivers fuel to the injection. 18. The compressed air forces the fuel into the combustion chamber. 19. This action is used in large heavy-duty stationary engines.

Задание 6. Составьте одно сложное предложение из нескольких простых.

1. A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine. In the diesel engine fuel is ignited by the heat of compression. 2. In the diesel engine the air is drawn into the cylinder on the suction stroke. The air is heated during the compression stroke to a high temperature. 3. Fuel oil is injected into the combustion chamber. It is promptly ignited by the heated air. 4. Its combustion expands the gases. The gases are formed in burning. They provide the power that moves the piston. 5. No carburettor or ignition mechanism is used. They are replaced by the injection system. 6. The air-injection engine uses compressed air. It forces the fuel into the cylinder. 7. The injection consists of a plug (it fits into the cylinder head), a spring-loaded valve (it covers the orifices) and mechanical device (it opens) the air valve. 8. This action is very effective. It produces constant-pressure combustion.

Задание 7. Составьте аннотацию данного текста.

Задание 8. Составьте план и расскажите о работе дизельного двигателя согласно этому плану.

Задание 9. Переведите следующий текст на английский язык.

Дизель - наиболее экономичный (effective) двигатель, чем двигатель внутреннего сгорания. Двигатель, работающий на керосине, удалось (to succeed in) создать (to design) изобретателю инженеру Дизелю. Дизель, работающий на самом дешевом жидком топливе (fuel oil) - на сырой нефти (crude oil), был создан в России.