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Existential presupposition:

Entities named by the speaker and assumed to be present : noun phrase and possessive constructions.

noun phrase :"The Cold War has ended"

presupposes that the existence of the entities it refers to, in this case the "Cold War".

possessive constructions :“Tony’s car is new” we can presuppose that Tony exists and that he has a car.

Factive presupposition: identified by the presence of some verbs such as "know“, "realize“, “be glad”, “be sorry”

She didn’t realize he was ill. (>> He was ill)

We regret telling him. (>> We told him)

Lexical presupposition: In using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood. You are late again. (>> You were late before.)

Structural presupposition: it is the assumption associated with the use of certain structures.

wh-question constructions. The listener perceives that the information presented is necessarily true, or intended as true by the speaker.

When did she travel to the USA? ( >> she travelled)

Where did you buy the book? (>> you bought the book)

Non- factive presupposition: it is an assumption referred to something that is not true.

For example, verbs like "dream", "imagine" and "pretend" are used with the presupposition that what follows is not true. I dreamed that I was rich. (>> I was not rich)

Counterfactual presupposition: it is the assumption that what is presupposed is not only untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.

If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to do this. ( >> you are not my daughter)

If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari. (>> I’m not rich)

Context - Communication is affected by the context in which it takes place. This context may be physical, social, chronological or cultural. Every communication proceeds with context. The sender chooses the message to communicate within a context. Context - Context is the environment in which your message is being delivered. Context means the situation or body of information which causes language to be used. Context refers to the words or sentences that surround a particular word, idea or passage which either greatly influence or outright define it.

For some authors ‘context’ is the defining concept of pragmatics. In Linguistics, ‘context’ commonly means the previous and subsequent linguistic material in a given text. In Kaplan's scheme, the context is objective, it comprises the actual basic facts about an utterance: the speaker, time, place, and possible world in which it occurs. In Stalnaker's scheme, context is basically subjective: a matter of common ground: that is, shared beliefs that serve as common presuppositions for the interpretation of assertions. Often the term is used for anything in the indefinitely large surrounding of an utterance, from the intentions of the speaker to the previous topics of conversation to the object discernible in the environment.

Context is a notion used in the language sciences) in two different ways, namely as verbal context and social context.

Verbal context refers to surrounding text or talk of an expression (word, sentence, conversational turn, speech act, etc.). The idea is that verbal context influences the way we understand the expression. Hence the norm not to cite people out of context. Since much contemporary linguistics takes texts, discourses or conversations as its object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships, for instance the coherence relation between sentences.

Social context. Traditionally, in sociolinguistics, social contexts were defined in terms of objective social variables, such as those of class, gender or race. More recently, social contexts tend to be defined in terms of the social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users.

Pre-semantic context provides information for identifying the utterance: which words in which language with which syntactic structure, and with which meanings are being used.

Semantic context Semantic context comprises those contextual features that determine or partly determine the content of context-sensitive expressions.

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