Орієнтовний перелік питань до державного іспиту

ПРОГРАМИ СПЕЦІАЛІТЕТУ

Друге питання – ФІЛОЛОГІЧНІ ПРЕДМЕТИ

ТЕОРІЯ МОВНОЇ КОМУНІКАЦІЇ

1.Indicate the functions of communication. Describe the basic dynamic model of communication.

Functions of communication:

- to meet basic needs (shelter, food, water)

- to enhance a sense of self (plus express oneself)

- to socialize, develop relationships (to sustain human existence)

- to receive and exchange information

- to influence others (to achieve one`s goals)

Functions of communication are the designation of a particular communicative act and communication in general. American linguist R. Jacobson distinguished 6 functions of communication:

• Emotive function, based on the sender, provides its self-expression, attitude to the topic and situation of communication. The main attention is paid to express his own feelings. (e.g., by means of the words: in my opinion, I think, I believe).

• Directive function, based on the receiver, expresses motivation; it is realized by means of motive sentences, addresses that are uttered with a particular intonation (e.g.”Look through the window, my friend!”), also non-verbally (e.g. road-sign for a turn).

Model of communication: message, encoding (addresser); code/symbols, noise (channel); feedback, decoding (addressee).

System-theory approach

• Communication is a flow of information.

• Open system – interaction with environment

• Feedback

• Stimulus – receptor – (message) – control apparatus (feedback) – (message) – effector - response

• Conversation model

• - interaction of speakers and hearers

• - conversation rules vs. language rules

• - aspects of personal behavior (taking turns, encouraging replies, pauses)

• - background knowledge (common to all speakers)

• - analysis of the conversations

• - neglect of context

2.Explain the notions of reference. Speak about types of presupposition. Define the notion of context and its types.

We might best think of reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. Reference (when we use a sign to identify a certain object). Reference – using a linguistic form to enable the recipient to indentify something.

Reference: act in which a speaker/writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener/reader to identify something (‘words don't refer, people do’)

referring expressions

- proper nouns ('Shakespeare', 'Hawaii')

- definite noun phrases ('the author', 'the island')

- indefinite noun phrases ('a man', 'a woman', 'a beautiful place')

- pronouns ('he', 'she', 'them')

The choice of expression depends largely on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows (in shared visual contexts -> deictic expressions)

Here are two senses for reference:

1.Reference is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object or abstraction it represents.

2.Reference is the relationship of one linguistic expression to another, in which one provides the information necessary to interpret the other.

A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance (speaker’s idea). Presupposition represents the amount of information assumed to be known by

participants (background knowledge, common ground).

An entailment is something that logically follows from what is asserted from the utterance (truth).

Example: The king of England is rich. There is a king of England – presupposition. There is no king of England, so the sentence doesn’t make sense – entailment.

Types: