8.What is full and partial translation equivalence? Give definition.

Despite contradicting theoretical evidence full equivalence is commonly accepted as a convenient makeshift. Full equivalence is presumed when there is complete coincidence of pragmatic meanings of the source and target language units This rule applies both to individual words and their regular combinations. Translation equivalents of all words and word combinations one finds in a good dictionary are full because the translation practice reflected in dictionaries shows them as complete substitutes universally accepted by the speakers' community of the target language (i. e. as pragmatically equivalent).

Example. Книга as an equivalent of the English word book is full in all equivalence aspects because it has similar syntactic functions (those of a Noun), its lexical meaning is also generally similar, and the pragmatic aspect of this equivalent (the message intent and target audience reaction) coincides with that of the English word. Thus, книга is conventionally regarded as a full equivalent of the word book.

To understand the partiality and incompleteness of translation equivalence let us consider the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of equivalence, because the partiality of equivalence is, as a matter of fact, the absence of one or more of these aspects.

Example of partial equivalence consider the English saying Carry coal to Newcastle. If one translates it as Возити вугілля до Ньюкасла it would lack the pragmatic aspect of equivalence (The intent of this message Bring something that is readily available locally would be lost, because the Ukrainian audience could be unaware of the fact that Newcastle is the center of a coal-mining area). If, however, one translates it їхати до Тули з власним самоваром it would lose the semantic similarity, but preserve the pragmatic intent of the message, which, in our opinion, is the first priority of translation. Anyway, both suggested trans¬lation equivalents of this saying are considered partial.

9.What is omission? Give examples of Ukrainian-English translation.

Omission is reduction of the elements of the source text considered redundant from the viewpoint of the target language structural patterns and stylistics.

Omission is the opposite of addition - to understand it consider the literal translation into English of the above noun clusters from their Ukrainian translation and compare these translations with the original English text.

Green Party federal election money - гроші Партії зелених, призначені на вибори на федеральному рівні - Green Party money intended for the elections at the federal level

fuel tax protests - протести, пов'язані з підвищенням податку на паливо -protests related to the increase of the fuel tax

peer-bonded goods - товари, розраховані на споживання певною віковою групою — goods designed for use by certain age groups

Furthermore, the meaning of their constituents being the same, a number of expressions do not require translation into Ukrainian in full, e.g., null and void - недійсний.