It (the country) has established. Has it established? — Yes, it has./No, it hasn’t.

It has not (hasn’t) established.

They have been working.

Have they been working? Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.

They have not (haven’t) been working.

[ 1 jFind sentences in the Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Con­tinuous. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Scientists have learned a great deal about the prevention and cure of ailments and have virtually eliminated certain diseases as major threats but there are still many problems which afflict mankind.

2. Iodine deficiency has contributed to the devastating effects of the 1986 Chornobyl nuclear disaster.

3. Low iodine status has left Ukrainians more susceptible to the ra­dioactive iodine that was released during the explosion, which has led to an upsurge in thyroid cancers.

4. How long have you been learning English?

5. She has never been ill with influenza or any other respiratory in­fectious disease.

6. They have been dealing with the problem of detachment of trans­planted organs for a long time.

7. Surgery has been using this method of treatment since ancient times.

8. The Ukrainian Government has taken a number of positive steps to fight HIV/AIDS, chiefly in the area of legislative and policy reform.

9. In highly industrialized countries pollution has created the inci­dence of allergic conditions.

10. A child has broken his leg. He has been playing football in the street.

2. Identify the Present Perfect in the following dialogue. Pay attention to the difference between Past Simple and Present Perfect use. Then act out this dialogue or make up your own one.

Doctor: Which of the children’s infectious diseases have you suffered from?

Patient: I have had chickenpox.

D.: When did you have it?

P.: I had chickenpox when I was ten.

D.: Which infectious diseases have you been vaccinated against?

P.: 1 have been vaccinated against pertussis and measles. Probably against some others but I’m not sure.

D.: When were you vaccinated against these diseases?

P.: 1 was vaccinated against them according to the routine schedule of vaccination: at 6 month and at the age of four. 1 don’t remember that but my mum has told me about that.

D.: H ave you ever undergone any operation?

P.: I underwent appendectomy in 2005.

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Dr. Morris (to receive) three faxes from the county hospital this morning.

2. “Who (to use) my toothbrush?” a little boy asked.

3. (to do) the homework yet?

4. The doctor (to prescribe) a course of antibiotics to the patient suf­fering from bilateral pneumonia.

5. “I didn’t know Sarah could speak German so well.” “Oh, yes, she (to learn) it for 3 years.”

6. Sam just (to finish) reading a very interesting magazine article on health care reform in the USA.

7. My sister (to teach) biology at medical university since 1995.

8. Mr Parker (to put) on weight. He (to eat) a lot all the time since he is retired.

9. She is cold. She (to walk) in the snow for three hours.

10. Professor and his assistants are confused. They (to try) to make a correct decision concerning the tactics of treatment all night.

: 4 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adverbs: before, already, so far, yet,

since, for, always.

1. ... nearly 60 years UNICEF has been the world’s leader for chil­dren, working on the ground in 158 countries to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence.

2. As of December 2009 more than two million people have fallen ill ... Ukraine’s flu epidemic began.

3. Children have severe indigestion and allergy. They have been eat­ing chocolate ... the whole day.

4. “Have you ... finished writing the article on genetics?” “Not, ... .”

5. Sue has ... wanted to be a paediatrician. Therefore this year she entered the medical university.

6. Jane has been the chief doctor of this hospital ... for more than 10 years.

7. “Has Tom finished his exams ...?” “Yes, at last, he has.”

8. She looks exhausted. She has been filling in the registration forms ... the whole night.

9. He has been working on preparing his report ... 5 hours ... .

\_5 (choose the correct form of the verbs.

1. Liz and I are good friends. We know/have known each other for ten years.

2. John is talking/has been talking to the head of the department for an hour now.

3. Have you read/Did you read the new edition of “World’s Health Care Systems”?

4. Since the first pharmacy was opened medications have become/be­came an accepted means of treating diseases.

5. Scientists just have discovered/discovered a way to prevent memory loss.

6. The patient has become/became more active at last.

7. Due to the rapid HIV spread among intravenous drug users, Ukraine also has experienced/experienced dramatic increases in sexually transmitted infections.

8. The recent relative economic stability has facilitated/facilitated an accelerated and more efficient advancement of reforms.

9. The Ministry of Public Health now has developed/has been devel­oping a strategy of gradual transition to family medicine and has established/has been establishing family ambulatories, primarily in rural areas.

10. He’s tired. He has been working/has worked the whole night.

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