6. | Complete the sentences about vitamins with the words from the box. One word is used twice.

immune system	skin	nervous system
teeth	eyes	sunlight
pregnancy	large intestine	antioxidant
hemolytic anaemia	metabolism	blood
stress	brain	enzymes

1. Vitamin A keeps the ... healthy and is important for good vision. It is found in fatty foods like butter, cheese, whole milk and yo­ghurt.

2. Vitamin A, and more specifically, retinoic acid, appears to main­tain normal ... health by switching on genes and differentiating keratinocytes (immature skin cells) into mature epidermal cells.

3. The B vitamins keep the ... healthy and help reduce... . They are found in foods like whole-grain bread and cereals.

4. Vitamin B₉ is needed before and during ... . It is present mainly in

green leafy vegetables and legumes.

5. The primary role of vitamin B₆ is to act as a coenzyme to many other ... in the body that are involved predominantly in ... .

6. Vitamin B₁₂ is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the nor­mal functioning of the ... and nervous system, and for the forma­

tion of... .

7. Vitamin C is needed to help the ... repair itself when it is damaged. It is found in fruit, especially citrus fruit and kiwifruit.

8. Vitamin D is needed for healthy bones and ... because it helps the

body absorb calcium. Our body makes vitamin D when our ... is

exposed to ... .

9. Vitamin E can be found most abundantly in wheat germ oil, and

in sunflower or soybean oils. It is a fat-soluble ... that stops the

production of reactive oxygen species formed when fat undergoes

oxidation.

10. Deficiency of vitamin E is very rare but mild ... in newborn infants may occur.

11. Vitamin K, is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spi­nach, cabbage, cauliflower and broccoli; some fruits such as avo­cado, kiwifruit and grapes are also high in vitamin K.

12. Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the ... , can syn­thesize vitamin K₂, but not vitamin K,.

7 Look at the following products and say the source of what vitamins they are. Add some more food products.

Spinach Pork liver Vegetables Meat Legumes Fruit

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8]Say whether the following statements are true or false. Comment your

answer.

1. A vitamin is a non-organic compound required as a nutrient in small amounts for the healthy maintenance of the whole organ­ism.

2. All vitamins are synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organ­ism.

3. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water, and as they aren’t readily excreted from the body with the urine, their reserves can last for long periods.

4. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids but they aren’t likely to accumulate in the body.

5. Hypervitaminosis is more likely to be caused by water-soluble vi­tamins.

6. All vitamins of B complex have similar roles for our body and can be obtained only synthetically.

7. Retinol and other vitamers of vitamin A are necessary for healthy skin, development of the bones, and good vision.

8. Vitamin K, is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, but vitamin K₂ is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables and fruits.

9. Both avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis are similarly dangerous for a human body.

10. Restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficiency, which may result in potentially dangerous diseases.

| 9 ]what questions would you ask to obtain the following information?

• Role of vitamins in our life

• Influence of vitamins on human health

• Solubility and storage of vitamins

• Food sources of vitamins

• Factors that interfere with the absorption or use of vitamins

• Recommended diets

• Avitaminosis and hypervitaminosis

• Deficiency diseases

j 10 Answer the following questions.

1. What is vitamin?

2. Why do people need vitamins?

3. Is there any difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vita­mins? Name them.

4. How are vitamins synthesized?

5. Where can vitamins be found?

6. Which vitamins are necessary for:

• healthy nervous system?

• healthy immune system?

• healthy skin, bones, vision?

• healthy pregnancy?

7. What influences the absorption or use of vitamins?

8. How do we understand ‘deficiency diseases’?

9. What diet is thought to be healthy?

[lljTransIate the following sentences into English.

1. Вітаміни — це органічні сполуки різної хімічної природи, необхідні в невеликих кількостях для нормального обміну речовин і життєдіяльності живих організмів.

2. Багато вітамінів є попередниками коферментів, які беруть участь у ферментативних реакціях.

3. Людина і тварини не синтезують вітаміни або синтезують у недостатній кількості, тому повинні одержувати їх із їжею.

4. Нестача вітамінів призводить до порушення обміну речовин. Джерелом вітамінів найчастіше є рослини.

5. За нормального раціону і здорового способу життя потреба у вітамінах задовольняється природним шляхом.

6. Однак узимку і навесні відчувається нестача вітамінів, що спричиняє гіповітамінози. Надлишок вітамінів — гіпервітамі­ноз, що буває дуже рідко.

7. Одноманітне харчування, бідне на натуральні рослинні продукти, призводить до виникнення захворювання — авітамінозу.

8. Фолієва кислота — вітамін В₉, що впливає на кровотворення, — стимулює утворення еритроцитів і лейкоцитів, знижує вміст холестерину в крові. При авітамінозі розвивається недо­крів’я.

9. Добова потреба людини в аскорбіновій кислоті досить велика — 63—105 мг. Нестача аскорбінової кислоти може призвести до цинги.

10. Вітамін А і каротин мають чудову властивість накопичуватися в організмі і їх надлишки можуть зберігатися більше року.

GRAMMAR:

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

To describe time we use prepositions such as at (time, holidays), in (months, seasons, years, centurics), on (days, dates), before, after and others.

The operation was finished at eight o ’clock in the evening and at noon the patient died.

Student N. was born on September 3, 1992. In 2010 he entered the medical university. Before that he was studying at medical lyceum. To describe duration we use the prepositions from ... to/till/until or in when we want to say how long it takes to do something.

She usually works from H to/till/until 5 every day. She will fin­