4J Complete the sentences by choosing appropriate words or expressions

from the box. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.

niacin fortified avitaminosis vitamin C diarrhoea

water-soluble deficiency visual supply antioxidant

1. In much of the developed world, vitamin deficiencies are rare; this is due to (I) an adequate ... of food and (2) the addition of vita­mins and minerals to common foods, often called fortification.

2. The B vitamins are a group of... vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.

3. Human bodily stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B_l2 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the liver, and an adult human’s diet may be defi­cient in vitamins A and D for many months and B₁₂ in some cases for years, before developing a ... condition.

4. However, vitamin B₃ (... and niacinamide) is not stored in the hu­man body in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks.

5. An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20^lh century American diet coupled with increased consumption of milk ... with relatively small quantities of vitamin D.

6. In living organisms, ascorbate is an ..., since it protects the body against oxidative stress.

7. Scurvy is an ... resulting from lack of vitamin C, since without this vitamin, the synthesized collagen is too unstable to perform its function.

8. A 1992 study found that taking 2 grams ... daily lowered blood histamine levels 38 percent in healthy adults in just one week.

9. When taken in large doses, ascorbic acid causes... and other forms of indigestion in healthy subjects.

10. The role of vitamin A in the ... cycle is specifically related to the retinal form.

[ 5] Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Trans­late the completed text into Ukrainian.

Vitamins are classified by/with their biological and chemical activi­ty, not their structure. Thus, each “vitamin” refers to/on a number in/of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associ­ated by/with a particular vitamin. Such a set of/in chemicals is grouped under/above an alphabetized vitamin “generic descriptor” title, such as “vitamin A”, which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids. Vitamers by/with definition are convertible for/to the active form of/for the vitamin in/at the body, and are some­times inter-convertible to/for one another, as well.

Until/After the mid- 1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake. Therefore changes at/in diet (which, for example, could occur during/before a particular growing season) could alter the types and amounts of/in vitamins ingested. Vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary supplements, since/after the middle of the 20"' century.

The term vitamin was derived from/out ‘vitamine’, a combination word made up by/with Polish scientist Casimir Funk out/from vital and amine, meaning amine of/for life. It had been suggested in/at 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemi­cal amines. This proved incorrect for/to the micronutrient class. In/ on 1920, Jack Cecil Drummond proposed that the final ‘e’ be dropped to deemphasize the “amine” reference, after researchers began to suspect that not all ‘vitamines’ (in/at particular, vitamin A) have an amine component. So the word ‘vitamine’ was shortened to/by vita­min.