2. JMatch the definitions with the following words.

1	A food made from milk	a	fruit
2	A creature which lives in water	b	bread
3	The white liquid which animals produce	c	rice
4	A sweet part of a plant	d	milk
5	A food made from flour	e	cheese

6 The object from which birds start their lives	f meat
7 The parts of an animal’s body used as food	g fish
8 Birds like hens and ducks	h eggs
9 Which is white when boiled for food	i poultry

Nutrition

Nutrition is the science that deals with food and how the body uses it. Food supplies the energy for every action we perform. It also provides substance that the body needs to build and repair its tissues and to regulate its organs and systems.

A proper diet helps to prevent certain illnesses and aids in recovery from other. Eating a balanced diet is the best way to ensure that the body receives all the food substances it needs. The daily diet should include a certain number of servings from each of five food groups:

vegetables;

fruit;

breads, cereals, rice and pasta;

milk, yogurt and cheese;

meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, eggs and nuts.

Food provides certain chemical substances needed for good health. The substances, called nutrients, perform one or more of three func­tions:

1. They provide materials for building, regaining or maintaining body tissues.

2. They help to regulate body processes.

3. They serve as fuel to provide energy.

There are six main groups of nutrients. Water is the most critical nutrient. One can live without other nutrients for several weeks, but we can go without water for only about one week. The body needs water to carry out all its life processes. Adults should consume about 2—2.5 litres of water a day. Carbohydrates include all sugars and starches. They serve as the main source of energy. The main sugar in food is sucrose, ordinary white or brown sugar. Fructose comes from most fruits and many vegetables. Lactose is found in milk. Foods con­taining starches include beans, breads, cereals, corn, pasta (macaroni). Fats are a highly concentrated source of energy and they are composed of an alcohol called glycerol and substances called fatty acids. Proteins provide energy and serve as one of the main building materials of the body. Muscle, skin, cartilage and hair are made up largely of proteins.

Every cell contains proteins called enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions. Minerals are needed for the growth and maintenance of body structures. Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus are essential parts of the bones and teeth. There are trace elements which include chromi­um, cooper, fluorine, iodine, iron and zinc. Iron is an important part of haemoglobin. Vitamins should be supplied daily in the diet.

Language Development

[j. j Match the following English words with the Ukrainian ones.

1 ensure	а горох
2 maintain	Ь фермент
3 enzyme	с овочі
4 vegetables	сі горіх
5 cereals	е забезпечувати
6 nut	Г підтримувати
7 peas	g хлібні злаки
8 acid	Ь кислота

2. Match the sentence beginnings with their endings.

1 Nutrition is the science that	a proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
2 A proper diet helps	b is glucose.
3 The three biggest classes of organic compounds are	c in cell structure and metabolism.
4 A common simple sugar	d in milk.
5 Fats are important	e to prevent certain illness.
6 Water is the most	f critical material.
7 Lactose is found	g deals with food.

l_3 jFill in the gaps by changing the words in bold type on the right as in the

example
Digestive enzymes hydrolyze fats, proteins and carbohydrates	digestion
for absorptipn.
1 Digestion is the conversion of food into ... substances in the gastrointestinal tract.	absorb

2 The plasma proteins are ... in the liver.	synthesis
3 Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat for ... in the fat depots.	store
4 With oversecretion of parathormone the bones become ... and brittle.	pore
5 Undersecretion of parathormone causes low blood calcium levels resulting in muscular ... .	rigid
6 Fats are a highly ... source of energy.	concentrate
7 The molecules of sucrose are ... in plants.	find

4. [Match the words with their definitions.

1 starch	a substance that is naturally present in the earth and in the human body, is essential for good health
2 enzyme	b natural substance found in meat, eggs, fish; which we need in order to grow
3 glucose	c person who studies the effects of food on the body
4 diet	d primary product of photosynthesis present in every plant cell
5 junk food	e white substance which is mixed with water
6 mineral	f the food that you eat and drink regularly
7 protein	g any of numerous complex proteins which catalyze spe­cific biochemical reactions
8 nutritionist	h food that is quick to prepare, but is bad for your health

5. Complete the descriptions of vitamins, minerals, and oils with the words from the box.

teeth organs enzymes	nervous system	brain	eyes
skin immune system	blood	muscles	bones
cardiovascular system	cell

Vitamin C is needed to help the ... repair itself when it is cut or damaged. It is found in fruit, especially citrus fruit like oranges and grapefruit.

Calcium is needed for children’s ... and teeth to grow. It is found in foods like milk, cheese, and yogurt.

Iron helps your... carry oxygen.

Zinc makes your ... stronger so that you can fight cold and infec­tions. It is found in shellfish, nuts, and seeds.

Protein builds up, maintains, and replaces the tissues in your body, * Your ... , ... , and immune system are made up mostly of protein. < Carbohydrates are sugars which are broken down by ... then stored in the ... as a source of energy. Grain products such as rice, bread, and pasta are sources of carbohydrate.

Fats fuel the body and help absorb some vitamins. They are also « the building blocks of hormones, and they insulate the nervous system • tissue in the body. Unsaturated fats, found in oils and nuts, for ex­ample, are believed to protect the ....

; 6 Answer the questions.

1. What does nutrition deal with?

2. What is food used?

3. How many food groups do you know?

4. What properties do nutrients posses?

5. What are proteins?

6. What proteins do you know?

7. What are carbohydrates?

8. What are fats?

9. What are the functions of fructose, lactose, minerals?

10. What are essential parts of the bones and teeth?

I 7JSay whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Fructose, the so-called fruit sugar, is present in fruits.

2. Muscle, skin, cartilages are made up largely of fats.

3. The most important carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellu­loses.

4. Lactose is found in fruits and vegetables.

5. Starch is an important constituent of foods (potatoes, wheat).

6. Minerals are an important part of haemoglobin.

7. Plant and animal food contains proteins (meat, eggs, milk, cheese).

8. We can live without nutrients for only about one week.

I 8jTranslate the sentences into English.

1. Харчування — це наука про споживання їжі.

2. Раціональне харчування є запобіжником проти утворення хвороб.

3. Існує шість груп поживних речовин.

4. Першоджерелом вітамінів зазвичай є рослини.

5. Фруктоза міститься в рослинах, меді.

6. Залізо входить до складу гемоглобіну.

7. Доросла людина зазвичай випиває 2—2,5 літра води кожного дня.

8. Жири бувають двох видів — тваринні та рослинні масла.

9. Ферменти регулюють обмін речовин в організмі.

<;KAMMAR:

/’REPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND MOVEMENT

To describe the place where something is we use prepositions such as in, on, on top of, at the top/bottom of, inside/outside, near, next to, by, in front of, behind, opposite, under, over, at, on the left/right.

The shop’s near the entrance, on the right of reception.

The toilets are at the bottom of the stairs, on the left.

To talk about movement we use prepositions such as up, down, into, out of, away, from, to, across, along, past, back to, around, left/right.

Go through the swing doors, turn left along the corridor, and the coffee bar's in front of you.

Prepositions of movement are used with verbs of movement such as go, come, take, push, carry.

Can you take these files back to the office, please ?

To get from here to surgery, you have to wheel the trolley through three wards.

1. |Match the opposites.

1	inside	a	behind
2	in front of	b	from
3	towards	c	on the left
4	across	d	outside
5	on the right	e	between