6. Match the sentence beginnings with their endings.

1 Physicians use the following ways of drug administration:	a into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream.
2 Drugs given orally pass	b allowed to dissolve in the saliva.
3 When the drugs are placed un­der the tongue and	c oral administration presents diffi­culties.
4 Drugs are given by rectum when	d are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs.

5 There are several types of par­enteral injections:	e subcutaneous, intradermal, intra­muscular, intravenous injections.
6 Gases are taken into the nose and	f lotions, ointment and creams.
7 For local external application of drugs one uses	g oral administration, sublingual ad­ministration, injections, inhalation.

[ 7 {Answer the questions.

1. What ways of drug administration do you know?

2. Who prescribes the way of drug administration to a patient?

3. What is the difference between the oral and sublingual ways?

4. When is the sublingual way indicated?

5. Why should a physician prescribe rectal administration?

6. What are the ways of parenteral administration? What is the dif­ference between them?

7. What diseases can be treated by inhalation?

8. What is the difference between antiseptic and antipruritic drugs?

1. 8 JCorrect the wrong statements.

1. The route of drug administration is absolutely unimportant.

2. Oral administration is the route by mouth.

3. If a patient is vomiting, oral administration is advisable.

4. In sudden heart attacks, rectal administration is used.

5. There is only one way of parenteral administration.

6. Subcutaneous injections are given into the buttocks.

7. Intradermal injections are used to cure infarction.

8. Performing an intravenous injection, a physician must be careful.

9. To produce anaesthesia, surgeons use intracavitary injections.

10. Toxicological studies in animals are prohibited by law.

11. Nausea, vomiting, and alopecia are common contraindications to the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.

12. Among the most dangerous toxic complications of drug usage are AIDS and cardiovascular diseases.

9. (Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ліки — це хімічні речовини, які використовуються в медицині для лікування хвороб.

2. Є ліки для внутрішнього та зовнішнього застосування та для ін’єкцій.

3. Ін’єкції можуть бути внутрішньом’язові і внутрішньовенні.

4. Лікувальна мазь наноситься тонким шаром на поверхню.

5. Аерозоль застосовують 2—3 рази в день після кожного очи­щення шлунку.

6. Свічки використовуються тоді, коли прийом через рот не­можливий.

7. Нітрогліцерин приймається під язик.

8. Лосьйони застосовуються тоді, коли шкіра волога.

(і RAMMAR:

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause and the main clause. We don’t usually use will, would or should in the if-clause.

Type of Clause	If-Clause	Main Clause	Use	Example
Type 1 — real present	if + Present Indefinite, Present Con­tinuous, Pres­ent Perfect or Perfect Con­tinuous	Future; may, might, should, could + in­finitive	Likely to happen in the present or future	If you go to the dentist tomorrow, pain will disap­pear.
Type 2 — un­real present	if + Past Sim­ple or Past Continuous	would, could + in­finitive	Imaginary situation contrary to facts in the present, also used to give ad­vice	If I had time, I would read the book, (but you don’t have time — untrue in the present) If I were you, I would extract the tooth. (giving advice)
Type 3 - un­real past	if + Past Per­fect or Past Perfect Con­tinuous	would/ could + have + Past Participle	Imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past, also used to ex­press re­grets	If she had stud­ied harder, she would have passed the test.

j_ 1 jMatch the sentence beginnings with their endings.

1 If I have a sore throat,	a I don’t lift anything heavy.
2 If 1 have a stomachache.	b I don’t chew on that side of the mouth.
3 If 1 have a backache,	c 1 sit down.
4 If 1 have a rash,	d I lie down until the room stops spinning.
5 If 1 have a sore tooth,	e 1 try not to irritate it by scratching.
6 If I feel faint,	f I don’t eat anything spicy.
7 If 1 am dizzy,	g 1 gargle with salt and warm water.

2. Match column A with column B in order to make correct type 1 condi­tional sentences, as in the example.

e.g. If you are ill, go to the doctor.

1 seasick	a lie down
2 bored	b put on warm clothes
3 hungry	c go to bed
4 tired	d take one of these pills
5 thirsty	e make a sandwich
6 cold	f get something to drink
7 light-headed	g read a good book

[ 3]Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense to make correct type 2 conditional sentences as in the example.

1. If I ... were ... (be) you, 1 ... would study ... (study) for the exam.

2. If 1 ... (know) his phone number, I ... (call) him.

3. If she ... (have) a dictionary, she ... (translate) the article.

4. If she ... (get) good grades, she ... (go) to university.

5. If they ... (offer) me this job, I ... (accept) it.

6. If she ... (not/be) so lazy, she ... (study) better.

7. I ... (go) on holiday if I ... (have) enough money.

[ jT]Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense to make correct type 1 and 2 conditional sentences.

1. If you ... (not/work) hard, you ... (fail) the exam.

2. If I ... (be) you, I ... (tell) your parents about your problem.

3. If I ... (not/hurry up), I ... (be) late for the university.

4. If you ... (be) more careful in class, you ... (have) higher marks.

5. If I ... (be) you, I ... (phone) the doctor.

6. If someone ... (call), tell them I’ll be home in an hour.

7. If I ... (not/be) busy, I ... (help) you with your homework.

8. If people ... (take) care of themselves, they ... (not/get) ill.

5. [Complete the sentences to make type 3 conditional sentences.

1. If you (come) earlier, I (no to perform) the operation.

2. The dentist (to save) the tooth, if he (to pay attention) to that cavity.

3. If the myocarditis (to be treated), there (not to be) infarction.

4. The surgeon (to notice) the damage of the tissue if you (to make) X-ray.

5. If you (to apply) palpation, you (to see) that the liver was en­larged.

ft | Correct the mistakes.

1. If Sally will work hard, she will finish the project on time.

2. If Mary is more careful, she would make fewer mistakes.

3. If I am you, I would stop drinking.

4. If Joan didn’t have problems with her stomach, she won’t be in

hospital now.

5. If Jill isn’t ill, she wouldn’t stay in bed.

6. If you told her the truth, she will forgive you.

7. If I were you, I will start going to the gym.

Speaking

1 jCan you do these tasks on your own?

	Yes	No	Need more practice
Point out the route of drug administration			, i
Give as much information as you can about the types of drug administration	i !
Compare the use of intramuscular and intravenous injections		r
Compare the use of aerosols and ointments		i !	1 1

2J Make up dialogues using the following words and word combinations and the example given.

• Last week I felt really terrible. I even had to call a doctor.

• Oh, really? What happened?

• I had a very high temperature, fever they called it. And also these dark spots by my eyes... I could hardly stay on my feet.

• Did the doctor come? And what did he do?

• Sure he came. He examined me: took my temperature, blood pressure and performed some tests I can’t explain to you.

• And what is the diagnosis?

• Still unknown. I have to wait for the analyses he took. But now I’m taking some drugs, and a nurse comes twice a day to give me in­travenous injections. It’s quite painful, I must say.

• Well, wait a little. 1 hope you’ll feel better.

1. Heart attack, terrible pain in the chest, sublingual, ambulance, examine, measure blood pressure, make injection, what kind, in­jection, insist on hospitalization.

2. Raw eggs, poisoning, vomiting, nausea, headache, acute form, drugs, useless, doctor, advice, wash the stomach, give absorbing drugs, drink a lot of liquid.

3. Toothache, teeth extracted, local anaesthesia, syringe, intradermal injection, normal reaction, successfully.

4. Asthmatic attack, cough, shortness of breath, gasped, my neigh­bour, skilled nurse, aerosol, inhalation, positive effect, improve.

3. Discuss the following.

• What way of taking drugs is the most common? What are the ad­vantages of each way? What are the disadvantages?

• Give examples of drugs you know and the ways they are used.

• Which way of drug taking is the most effective? Why?

• What new ways of drug taking (and treatment) can possibly be

discovered with the development of modern science?

A Bit of Humour

Doctor: “Why, my dear sir? You sent me a letter stating you had been attacked by measles, and 1 find you suffering from rheumatism.” Patient: “Well, you see, doctor, it is like this: there wasn’t a soul in the house that knew how to spell rheumatism.”

No man fully capable of his own language ever masters another.