1. (Learn the following words.

malformation	[,mælfo:'mei|'n]	вада розвитку
deformity	jdi'fb:miti]	дефект, деформація
excision	[ik'si33ii|	розсікання; видалення
incision	[in si3n]	розріз, надріз
congenital	[kan'cfeenitl]	вроджений
acquired	[a'kwaied]	набутий
hernia	[hainiaj	грижа
abscess	['æbses]	абсцес, нарив, гнійник
cleft palate	[kleft pælit]	розщелина піднебіння, вовча паща
morbid anatomy	[mo:bid]	патологічна анатомія
approve	[a'pru:v]	схвалювати; затверджувати
fit	[fill	бути придатним
justify	[djAStjfai]	виправдовувати
anaesthesia	[,æi19S'0i:Z13]	знеболювання
put to sleep	[put ta sli:p[	приспати
asepsis	[a'scpsis]	асептика
wound	[wu:nd]	рана
dressing	f'dresir)]	перев’язування рани; перев’язувальний матеріал
suture	[sjuitfa]	шов
autoclave	| 'o;ta,kleiv]	автоклав
enema	[’enima]	клізма
accuracy	[ækjarasi]	точність, правильність
substitute	f'sAbstitjurt]	заміщувати, заміняти
overshoes	l'auvaju:z]	бахіли
gauze	[ga:z]	марля
sterile	['stcrail J	стерильний; неплідний
stitch	[stitJI	шити; шов, петля, стібок

1 surgeon	a the loss of feeling or sensation
2 wound	b the practice to reduce or eliminate contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) from entering the operative field
3 anaesthesia	c the condition of part of the body being wrongly formed
4 sutures	d the branch of medical science concerned with the study of the structure of diseased organs and tissues
5 asepsis	e a specialist who deals with a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body
6 malformation	f another name for the stitches used in sewing up the opening after the operation
7 antiseptic	g the surgical removal of a foreign body or of tissue
8 morbid ana­tomy	h an injury, usually involving division of tissue or rup­ture of the integument or mucous membrane, due to external violence or some mechanical agency rather than disease
9 excision	i free from or cleaned of germs and other microorgan­isms

[ 3]TransIate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Today it’s difficult even to imagine any operative intrusion (bloody one) without following aseptic and antiseptic rules, directed at preventing wound infection.

2. Surgery is a science which deals with treatment of diseases by means of mechanical influence on tissues, infrequently by their dissection in order to determine and eradicate the pathological condition.

3. The nature and use of antiseptics was not fully understood until the discovery of bacteria.

4. When the skin is damaged by a scratch or burn, microorganisms often begin to grow in the wound.

5. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi that may be present on healthy skin can multiply rapidly where the skin is damaged. Unless this growth is pre­vented or stopped, serious infection can take place.

6. Microorganisms may also enter the body at the site of an injury and cause illness. To prevent this, antiseptics are applied to control the in­fective growth until the injury heals.

7. Dressing room is a functional unit of the surgical department structure. It’s a room which according to the sanitary norms must have tiled floor and ceiling covered with oil whiting for better cleaning and sanitary treatment.

X Anaesthesiology is a branch of medical science that relates to anesthesia and anesthetics. The anaesthetist is a specialized physician in charge of supervising and administering anaesthesia in the course of a surgical operation.

⁽) As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of patient’s tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as angioplasty or endoscopy, may be considered surgery if they involve “common” surgical procedure or settings, such as use of a sterile envi­ronment, anesthesia, antiseptic conditions, typical surgical instruments, and suturing.

10 All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; so-called “non- invasive surgery” usually refers to an excision that does not penetrate the structure being excised (e.g. laser ablation of the cornea) or to a radio- surgical procedure (e.g. irradiation of a tumor).

Surgery

Surgery is one of the most important fields of health service. Tra­ditionally, it has been described as a branch of medicine which treats diseases, injuries, deformities, malformations and other pathological conditions by methods which involve opening, manipulating and re­pairing a part of the body. Surgical diseases are those for the treatment of which different manual interventions such as amputation, excision, incision, stretching, resection and others are applied. The problems that can be corrected by bloody and bloodless operations may include congenital and acquired pathologies, such as appendicitis, tumours, hernias, fractures, abscesses, cleft palates, inborn defects and others.

The development of natural sciences and achievements in such fields of medicine as anatomy, morbid anatomy, physiology, pharma­cology, microbiology and others contribute much to surgery perfec­tion. But despite great progress and improvements surgery is still dan­gerous. The decision to make an operation must be carefully thought out. First a surgeon should approve the diagnosis by comprehensive examination of a patient using all available laboratory and technical facilities. In every operation the variable human factor is present. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and the ability to estimate the risks of different types of operation in relation to the individual belong to the general principles of operative treatment. The doctor must also choose proper time for surgical operation because a patient should be in as

good physical and psychological state as possible in order to reduce the risk of post-operative complications. So, surgeons put themselves many questions before they make their decision to perform an opera­tion. Among them, for example: Is the patient fit for the operation? What soil of recovery will the patient make? Do the final results jus­tify such method of operation or treatment?

The main controlling factors in surgery are anaesthesia and asep­sis. Anaesthesia is used to avoid shock in a patient and to make him insensitive to pain. It is produced by anaesthetic drugs which are ad­ministered cither locally to reduce feeling in the area of the operation or to put a patient to sleep. The anaesthetist gives a patient narcosis and keeps careful watch of the patient’s vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate and temperature).

Asepsis is a complex of measures used to prevent introduction of microorganisms into the wound from without. It means that every­thing which comes into contact with the wound (instruments, dress­ings, suture materials, rubber gloves) must be absolutely germ-free, i.e. sterile. That is why, in all operations the surgeon and his assistants wear sterile gowns, caps, masks and overshoes, and they protect their thoroughly cleansed, rinsed in the solution of ammonium chloride and sponged with alcohol hands with sterile rubber gloves. Also nurses prepare surgical instruments sterilizing them in specially constructed machines — sterilizers and autoclaves. The methods of sterilization include boiling, low (or high) pressure steam sterilization and cold sterilization by strong antiseptics (applied to edged instruments that would be blunted by boiling).

It is also necessary to prepare the patient for the operation. So he/she shouldn’t eat or drink anything for twelve hours before the operation to avoid complications with anaesthesia. A patient is often given an enema before the operation to empty the colon from wastes. The area to be operated is thoroughly cleaned, shaved and painted with the solution of iodine. The patient is put on an operation table, covered with a sterilized cloth and administered narcosis. When the operation is coming to the end, the surgical instruments and dressing materials are counted. The doctor closes the wound by sutures and dresses it with sterile gauze. Afterwards the patient is under special care and attention; his wound is frequently carefully bandaged. The surgeon prescribes the patient proper post-operative treatment. When the stitches are due for removal — this is usually done a week after the operation — the patient is discharged.

The surgical nurse should prepare the necessary set of surgical instruments, prepare the apparatuses for blood transfusion, check up

the presence and state of blood substituting solutions and preserved blood.

Surgery requires a large variety of specialized equipment. In addi­tion to the special operating table, there are high-intensity lights and the anesthesia machine. There are vacuum machines to suck out the excessive blood and other fluids from the part of the body which is being operated on. The main instrument table is covered with a large collection of scalpels, forceps, suture needles, retractors, and other instruments.

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