8. Определите основную идею текста.

1. Each student should know how to provide first aid.

2. First aid skills are essential for life.

3. Primary school students should be taught how to provide first aid.

4. Any person can be saved with the help of the ABCs.

TEXT 10

Internal-Combustion Engine

(1) Internal-Combustion Engine is any type of machine that obtains mechanical energy directly from the expenditure of the chemical energy of fuel burned in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the engine. Four principal types of internal-combustion engines are in general use: the Otto-cycle engine, the diesel engine, the rotary engine, and the gas turbine.

(2) The Otto-cycle engine, named after its inventor, the German technician Nikolaus August Otto, is the familiar gasoline engine used in automobiles and airplanes; the diesel engine, named after the French-born German engineer Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel, operates on a different principle and usually uses oil as a fuel. It is employed in electric-generating and marine-power plants, in trucks and buses, and in some automobiles. Both Otto-cycle and diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke cycle models.

(3) The efficiency of a modern Otto-cycle engine is limited by a number of factors, including losses by cooling and by friction. In general, the efficiency of such engines is determined by the compression ratio of the engine. The compression ratio (the ratio between the maximum and minimum volumes of the combustion chamber) is usually about 8 to 1 or 10 to 1 in most modern Otto-cycle engines. Higher compression ratios, up to about 15 to 1, with a resulting increase of efficiency, are possible with the use of high-octane antiknock fuels. The efficiencies of good modern Otto-cycle engines range between 20 and 25 percent - in other words, only this percentage of the heat energy of the fuel is transformed into mechanical energy.

(4) The efficiency of the diesel engine, which is in general governed by the same factors that control the efficiency of Otto-cycle engines, is inherently greater than that of any Otto-cycle engine and in actual engines today is slightly more than 40 percent. Diesels are, in general, slow-speed engines with crankshaft speeds of 100 to 750 revolutions per minute (rpm) as compared to 2500 to 5000 rpm for typical Otto-cycle engines. Some types of diesel, however, have speeds up to 2000 rpm. Because diesels use compression ratios of 14 or more to 1, they are generally more heavily built than Otto-cycle engines, but this disadvantage is counterbalanced by their greater efficiency and the fact that they can be operated on less expensive fuel oils.

(Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

1. Определите, является ли утверждение:

The Otto-cycle engine is named after the Dutch technician who created it.

1. истинным

2. ложным

3. в тексте нет информации

2. Определите, является ли утверждение:

Internal-combustion engine is one of the most important inventions of the mid- to late 1800s.

1. в тексте нет информации

2. ложным

3. истинным

3. Определите, является ли утверждение:

The diesel engine is more effective than Otto-cycle engine.

1. ложным

2. в тексте нет информации

3. истинным

4. Определите, является ли утверждение:

The compression ratio is the ratio between the minimum and maximum volumes of the combustion chamber.

1. ложным

2. истинным

3. в тексте нет информации

5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The rotary engine is one of the four types of internal-combustion engines.

1. 4

2. 3

3. 1

4. 2

6. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The diesel engine uses oil as a fuel.

1. 3

2. 2

3. 4

4. 1

7. Ответьте на вопрос:

What is the average crankshaft speed of diesels?

1. 100 to 750 rpm

2. 2500 to 5000 rpm

3. up to 2000 rpm

4. 500 rpm

8. Определите основную идею текста.

1. The introduction of the internal-combustion engine led almost immediately to the development of the automobile.

2. The essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same.

3. Unlike steam engines and turbines, internal-combustion engines develop no torque when starting.

4. Diesels are more effective and use cheaper fuel than Otto-cycle engines.

TEXT 11

Travel Operators and Resorts

(1) In 1841 an English Baptist missionary named Thomas Cook arranged a railway excursion from Leicester to Loughborough for a temperance group. Three years later the railroad – the Midland Counties Railway Company – agreed to make the excursion a permanent feature if Cook would provide the passengers. He became the first travel agent, and the company he founded – Thomas Cook and Son – went on to become one of the world’s leading travel agencies with offices around the world. In the late 1950s, before the jet age, there were about 3,000 travel agents in the United States. By the late 1980s there were more than 20,000, with tens of thousands more worldwide.

(2) A travel agent is a retailer, an intermediary between the prospective traveler and all the components of a trip. Agents book and sell airline, train, bus, and ship tickets. They reserve hotel rooms and arrange for ground transportation at the destination. For these and other services they are paid a commission by those whose wares they sell. Tour operators are companies that arrange every aspect of a travel package. They bring together all the elements of a trip for travelers or for groups of travelers: plane reservations and tickets, hotel arrangements, ground transportation, entertainment, and more. All these components are sold together as a package. Travelers may deal directly with a tour company, or they may book tours through a travel agent.

(3) Today there is a great deal of overlapping between the services of travel agents and tour operators. Companies like Thomas Cook and American Express perform both services, and many independent travel agencies put together tour packages for customers. Among the other major tour companies now operating around the world are: Maupintour, Cartan, Four Winds Travel, International Weekends, Olson Travel, Hemphill-Harris Tours etc.

(4) Resorts are special-purpose destinations. They may be places in the sun to get away from winter’s cold; they may be places in the snow to enjoy skiing and other winter sports; or they may be health resorts such as Hot Springs, Arkansas, or Baden-Baden, Germany. Modern resorts have their antecedents in health spas dating back to the late Middle Ages in continental Europe and in seaside resorts that emerged in England in the 18th century. Spa is the name of a town in Belgium that has long been noted for its beneficial mineral waters. There are a great many similar towns and cities in Europe and England to which people have gone for centuries, hoping for cures for a variety of ailments. The first well-known sea resort was Brighton, England, still a popular summer vacation spot.

(Britannica Student Encyclopedia Library)

1. Определите, является ли утверждение:

Thomas Cook founded the world famous company which has many branches all over the world.

1. истинным

2. ложным

3. в тексте нет информации

2. Определите, является ли утверждение:

The function of tour operators and travel agents is to provide customers with information on habits and ways of all countries.

1. истинным

2. ложным

3. в тексте нет информации

3. Определите, является ли утверждение:

Tour operators are responsible for all points of travel program.

1. истинным

2. ложным

3. в тексте нет информации

4. Определите, является ли утверждение:

Modern resorts are situated mainly in Britain and Belgium.

1. истинным

2. ложным

3. в тексте нет информации

5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

There are many popular health resorts in different European towns now.

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

6. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:

The work of a travel agency can be compared with that of a retailer who operates like an intermediary between the seller and the customers.

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

7. Ответьте на вопрос:

What are the differences between travel agents and tour operators?

1. Travel agents are paid a commission by the ware seller while tour operators book tours through a travel agent.

2. Travel agents reserve hotel rooms and organize ground transportation while tour operators are responsible for entertainment and tickets.

3. Tour operators arrange trips for groups of travelers while travel agents mainly deal with individuals.

4. Tour operators are companies that sell all the elements of a trip as a package while travel agents sell various services as retailers.