15.6. Nurture

1. nurture [uncountable] (formal) the education and care that you are given as a child, and the way it affects your later development and attitudes, especially as compared with the characteristics you are born with воспитание; образование, обучение, тренировка: With time, you can learn how to influence favourably this interplay of nature and nurture in your child.

2. upbringing [singular; uncountable] the way that parents look after their children and teach them to behave воспитание: Mike had a strict / good / beautiful upbringing. | Martin's upbringing shaped his whole life.

3. development [uncountable] the growth of a child as time passes, as it changes and learns to do new things развитие: child development

4. to nurture (formal) (1) [transitive; intransitive] to provide the care and attention necessary for a young child, animal, or plant to grow and develop воспитывать: She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.

(2) [transitive] to help a plan, idea, feeling etc to develop развивать; воспитывать: It is important to nurture potential in your pupils. | Reading aloud nurtures a love of books in children.

5. to bring up | to raise (esp. AmE) [transitive] to look after children until they have grown up and to teach them to develop particular beliefs and ways of behaving воспитывать; растить: She brought up three sons on her own. | We raised our kids together. | They brought her up (as / to be) a Catholic.

6. to develop (1) [intransitive] to grow or change into a more advanced, larger or stronger form развиваться: He wasn't developing like all the other little boys. | All children develop at different rates.

(2) [transitive] to start to have a feeling or quality that then becomes stronger развивать; воспитывать: The children are beginning to develop a sense of responsibility. | At this age children, especially girls, begin to develop their own sense of identity.

(3) [transitive; intransitive] if you develop a skill or ability, or if it develops, it becomes stronger or more advanced развивать; развиваться: The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills. | Their handwriting skills develop at a slower pace than their linguistic skills.

7. to foster (1) [transitive] to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time развивать; воспитывать; поощрять, стимулировать (развитие): These classroom activities are intended to foster children's language skills. | I'm trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children.

(2) [transitive; intransitive] to take someone else's child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent воспитывать; растить; проявлять родительскую заботу: The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering.

8. well-brought-up a child who is well-brought-up has been taught to be polite and to behave well хорошо воспитанный: I was a very well-brought-up young lady. | Some children were well brought up, despite family breakdown.

9. to behave [intransitive] (1) to do things in a particular way вести себя, поступать, держаться

to behave: Her kids don't know how to behave. | How does Sam behave at school? | She behaved in a responsible / reasonable way.

to behave well / badly: She always behaves well / badly when her aunts come to visit.

to behave towards / toward sb: This is not how you behave towards a child. | He behaved disgracefully / very strangely towards you.

(2) to behave (oneself) [intransitive; transitive] to be polite and not be rude or cause trouble вести себя хорошо: Did the children behave (themselves)? | I hope the children behave themselves.

10. to misbehave (themselves) [intransitive; transitive] to behave badly, and cause trouble or annoy people вести себя плохо: George has been misbehaving at school. | Students have a tendency to misbehave themselves at exam time.

11. well-behaved | well behaved | perfectly-behaved behaving in a calm polite way, and not being rude or violent послушный, дисциплинированный, благонравный, хорошего поведения, соблюдающий приличия: She was a kind and well-behaved girl. | On this occasion the children were particularly well behaved.

to be well-behaved towards sb: We were exceedingly well-behaved towards each other.

12. well-mannered behaving in a pleasant and polite way (благо)воспитанный: He enjoyed well-mannered and well-to-do undergraduates. | They were too well-mannered to complain.

13. badly-behaved | badly behaved behaving in an impolite and disobedient way, and being rude or violent непослушный, недисциплинированный, неблагонравный, хорошего поведения, соблюдающий приличия: a badly-behaved class | The youth hostel was full of badly behaved students.

14. ill-mannered | bad-mannered behaving in a rude and unpleasant way, especially because of never having been taught how to be polite грубый, невежливый, невоспитанный, неучтивый: Her children are incredibly bad-mannered / ill-mannered – she should be more strict with them.

15. problem child / pupil / family [countable] a child / pupil / family whose behaviour causes problems for other people трудный ребенок; проблемная семья: They regularly discuss problem pupils. | In some cases a problem child is placed in a special school.

16. discipline [uncountable] the practice of making people obey rules of behaviour and punishing them if they do not; a strict set of rules that controls an activity or situation дисциплина, порядок; дисциплинированность: Many schools are lacking in discipline. | There should be better discipline in schools. | Most of us were brought up to accept discipline, and to discipline ourselves. | She could see potential where the school just saw a discipline problem.

firm / harsh / severe / strict / rigid / tough discipline строгая дисциплина: He believes in strict discipline.

cast-iron discipline железная дисциплина

lax / loose / slack discipline слабая дисциплина

to impose discipline установить дисциплину / порядок: He reacted by imposing tough discipline and demanding better results.

to maintain / keep discipline поддерживать дисциплину / порядок: Teachers are required to plan and prepare lessons, assess and keep records of pupils' progress, and maintain / keep discipline.

to violate discipline нарушать дисциплину / порядок

to undermine discipline подрывать дисциплину

17. sense of responsibility [singular] the ability to behave sensibly in a way that will not harm themselves or other people чувство ответственности: Parents need to encourage a sense of responsibility in their children.

18. environment | atmosphere [countable; uncountable] the conditions and influences in which people carry on a particular activity окружение, (окружающая) обстановка; атмосфера: There's a friendly / relaxed / warm / welcoming atmosphere in our school. | There is a tense atmosphere / an atmosphere of tension in the school today. | A textbook should represent a structured learning environment in which the reader is led through the subjects in a progressive manner.

to create / provide an environment / atmosphere: We have tried to create a working environment in which everyone can develop their skills. | Working-class families are less likely to provide an environment / atmosphere that encourages scholastic skills.

to maintain an environment / atmosphere: Our school tries to maintain a pleasant environment / atmosphere for children.

to improve the environment / atmosphere: By improving the working environment of teachers, governors could indirectly improve relationships between staff and pupils.

19. advantaged (adjective) (formal) having more money, a higher social position etc than someone else обеспеченный; живущий в достатке: an advantaged child – ребенок из обеспеченной семьи | The new law allows schools to spend more money on less advantaged children. | Some of the boys come from less advantaged backgrounds.

20. disadvantaged | deprived (adjective) having social problems, such as a lack of money or education, which make it difficult for you to succeed неблагополучный; бедный, малоимущий; неимущий: disadvantaged / deprived urban areas / areas of the city / neighbourhoods | deprived children in the inner city areas | A new educational programme has been set up for economically / socially disadvantaged children. | The university has announced plans to increase the number of students from minority and disadvantaged groups. | A deprived childhood can lead to emotional problems later. | She comes from a deprived background.

21. the disadvantaged [plural] people who do not have good living conditions, a good standard of education etc, considered as a group неблагополучные / малоимущие / неимущие слои населения: programs for the disadvantaged | These measures are intended to help the disadvantaged.

22. to disadvantage [transitive] to make someone less likely to be successful or to put them in a worse situation than others ставить в невыгодное положение: And the selective system does not seem to disadvantage those at the bottom of the class. | Teachers claim such measures could unfairly disadvantage ethnic minorities.